有机氯农药污染场地挖掘过程中污染物的分布及健康风险

分析了某污染场地挖掘过程中场地内及其周边空气中HCHs和DDTs的污染物分布特征;应用健康风险评价模型研究了挖掘场地附近居民区经呼吸暴露途径的致癌和非致癌风险.结果表明,挖掘区附近居民区空气中HCHs和DDTs呈现出明显的季节分布特征,秋冬季节浓度高,春夏季节浓度较低.ΣHCHs冬季浓度在5.65~133 ng·m-3之间,均值为28.6 ng·m-3;ΣDDTs冬季浓度在4.48~2 800 ng·m-3之间,均值为457.3 ng·m-3.ΣHCHs春季浓度在6.23~26.4 ng·m-3之间,均值为15.1 ng·m-3;ΣDDTs夏季浓度在3.17~8.1 ng·m-3之间,均值为6.1 ng·m-3,春夏季节施工可减少二次污染产生.居民区空气中HCHs和DDTs浓度与离地面高度呈显著负相关(P0.05,n=33).挖掘区附近成人居民经呼吸暴露产生的致癌风险及非致癌风险在可接受风险范围内,但挖掘过程对幼年居民产生一定的致癌及非致癌风险.因此,该类污染场地挖掘过程中应采取措施抑制挖掘区污染物向空气扩散,以降低风险.     

基于MonteCarlo模拟的土壤重金属综合风险评价与案例分析

基于不确定性理论,将Monte Carlo模拟计算应用到土壤重金属风险评价中,构建了生态风险和健康风险的随机不确定模型,结合多元统计方法进行实例研究.结果表明,研究区土壤Cd、Co和Cr污染水平较高,主要富集在建矿时间较长的工业园区;综合单因子指数和综合风险因子指数评价显示土壤重金属主要为轻度污染(相应概率分别为53.2%和55.6%);手-口摄入是研究区土壤重金属暴露的主要途径,Cr为主要致癌因子;儿童承担的健康风险较高,其非致癌风险指数分别为成人的5.0倍(手-口摄入途径)和8.2倍(皮肤暴露途径),两种暴露途径下其致癌风险指数均高于USEPA推荐的安全水平.     

Sometimes less is more: Directed coping with interpersonal stressors at work

Within the coping literature, researchers have long been interested in identifying ways in which individuals can improve their coping efforts, making them more effective and thereby reducing the harmful effects of stressful encounters. Although Lazarus and Folkman's transactional model has greatly advanced understanding of the coping process, there continues to be methodological and conceptual challenges that have hindered understanding of the mechanisms behind effective coping. Addressing these issues in the use of a novel approach of analyzing variation in coping (i.e., directed coping) at both the coping event and person coping levels, the current study examined the process of coping with work stress and the beneficial coping outcomes associated with using a directed coping strategy. A total of 143 nurses completed up to 12 weekly surveys online, reporting on weekly stressful interpersonal conflicts and how they coped with them. Results from multilevel analyses supported predictions that greater directed coping at both the level of the coping event and person is associated with improvements in occupational health outcomes even after controlling for other coping factors. Implications of these results are discussed in relation to future research on coping effectiveness and workplace applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Muscle with Relation to the Growth of Two Marine Fish Species

Heavy metal concentrations in muscle and their relation to thegrowth of two marine fish species,including tonguefish( Cynoglossus arel) and mullet( Mugil cephalus),were studied. The samples were collected in Bach Dang estuary andconcentrations of heavy metals( As,Cd,Co,Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb,and V) in muscle of the fisheswere determined. The result showed that the accumulated trend of heavy metal is different between fish species. The concentration of As,Zn,Mn,V,Cu,Pb,Co and Cd in tonguefish were 73. 7 ± 30. 6,22. 82 ± 4.87,3. 44 ± 2. 13,1. 61 ± 0. 15,0. 71 ± 0. 13,0. 45 ± 0. 24,0. 03 ± 0. 02 and 0. 02 ± 0. 02 mg·g-1,respectively. Meanwhile the concentration of Zn,As,V,Mn,Cu,Pb,Co and Cd in mullet were 83. 41 ±19. 68,9. 78 ± 1. 92,1. 36 ± 0. 54,1. 29 ± 0. 51,0. 65 ± 0. 12,0. 42 ± 0. 20,0. 06 ± 0. 03 and0. 03 ± 0. 01mg·g-1,respectively. Comparison of metal levels among thesespecies indicated that the concentrations of As and Mn in tonguefish were significantly higher than those in mullet,whereas Zn levels in mullet were found to be higher than that in tonguefish. There is no significant differences of Cd,Co,Cu,Pb and V levels in muscle between two species. Significant inversed relationshipsbetween concentration levels of metals and lengths of tonguefish were found for Mn,Cu and Zn,butnot for As,Cd,Pb,and V. There were no significant relationships between the heavy metal concentrations and the length of mullet. In general,decreasesof the heavy metal concentrations corresponded to the increases of fish body lengths,particularly for As,Co,Cu,Mn and V and the exception for Cd. Terefore reduced risks were associated with consuming biggermullet fish,and increased risks of As and Cd were associated with consuming bigger tonguefish in Bach Dang river mouth.     

内蒙古呼和浩特市大气TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs的健康风险评价

于2012—2013年6月和12月采集了内蒙古呼和浩特市大气颗粒物样品,用GC-MS分析测定其中16种PAHs的浓度,并用苯并(a)芘(Ba P)致癌、致突变等效浓度、终身致癌超额危险度和预期寿命损失3个指标评价了内蒙古呼和浩特市大气颗粒物TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs的人群健康风险。结果显示:内蒙古呼和浩特市大气颗粒物TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs对成人、儿童的日均暴露剂量范围分别为0.71×10~(-6)~2.01×10~(-6)、0.45×10~(-6)~1.28×10~(-6)和0.31×10~(-6)~2.41×10~(-6)、0.19×10~(-6)~1.15×10~(-6)mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1);TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs对成人和儿童的终身致癌超额危险度范围分别为2.21×10~(-6)~6.24×10~(-6)、1.41×10~(-6)~3.97×10~(-6)和0.95×10~(-6)~7.47×10~(-6)、0.60×10~(-6)~4.75×10~(-6),终身致癌超额危险度均处于可接受水平范围内(10-4~10~(-6))。TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs对成人和儿童的预期寿命损失范围分别为13.74~38.78、8.752~24.70和5.88~46.39、3.74~29.54 min。     

湖南省典型城区降尘的重金属污染及健康风险研究

2011年－2014年对邵阳城区不同功能区降尘的铅镉污染开展监测及健康风险评价,监测结果表明,邵阳市城区铅、镉的年均含量分别为178.34 mg · kg－1、2.12 mg · kg－1,平均富集系数分别为5.6、16.6。健康风险评价结果表明,降尘中铅的非致癌风险大于镉,儿童的非致癌风险远高于成年女性和成年男性,手－口途径非致癌风险远高于其他两种途径,铅、镉的总非致癌风险人群危害较小,镉呼吸途径不具有致癌风险。     

四平市南湖重金属污染及健康风险评价研究

在分析南湖水质的基础上,对重金属进行Pearson相关性分析,并进行了健康风险评价。结果表明Cr、Cu、Zn未超过生活饮用水卫生标准,Cd 和Pb严重超标。 Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr污染存在一定的同源性,而Mn、Fe、Ni、Pb污染具有多源性。污染物通过皮肤接触途径造成的危害要远小于饮水途径,致癌物风险比非致癌物高1～8个数量级,其中Cd对总风险贡献率为62.16％,成为主要的风险污染物。8个监测点都检测到致癌物,且风险度高于可接受水平,应引起环境治理部门的关注。     

垃圾填埋场地下水对居民健康的风险评价

为查明某垃圾填埋场地下水状况,采用单项组分评价法、综合评价法、健康风险评价模型进行水质评价和健康风险评价.结果表明:该垃圾填埋场周边地下水水质整体良好,铁、锰、浑浊度、亚硝酸盐氮及总磷出现超标;化学非致癌物对周边各类人群不会构成明显危害,但致癌物六价铬、砷污染存在威胁.建议开展地下水溶质模拟,合理布设监测井,增加监测指标及监测频次,防范渗滤液污染.     

自然富硒土中Se对不同水稻籽粒吸收Cd的影响

通过水稻盆栽试验,在高低两种自然富硒土壤上种植3种水稻。结果发现,水稻籽粒Se含量与土壤中Se含量呈正相关,而土壤硒含量过高会降低水稻籽粒的产量。在添加Cd下,高富硒土种植的博优998、秋优998、金稻优998等水稻籽粒Cd含量比低富硒土分别降低了26.99%、10.28%、13.48%,说明土壤中适量的Se对水稻籽粒吸收Cd有拮抗作用。另外,秋优998富集Se、Cd的能力最强,生物产量最低,金稻优998达到富硒效果,而富集Cd的能力最弱,且生物产量较高,在筛选品种时,应优选金稻优998。     

草海湿地生态系统健康评价

贵州省威宁草海是贵州最大的天然高原淡水湖泊,同时也是我国亚热带高原湿地生态系统的典型代表,成为中国西南地区迁徙水禽的重要越冬地和停歇地。但草海湿地生态系统由于人类活动加剧引起的其功能作用会削弱、生物多样性会降低、水体富营养化等生态环境问题多方面的影响导致其表现出明显的生态脆弱性,尤其是在其生态系统的生态环境方面表现尤为突出。如果草海受到多方面的影响不及时加以制止和消除,将直接威胁着草海湿地生态系统的稳定。本文首先从湿地的生态特征、功能和社会经济环境三个方面的30个主要影响草海生态健康的因子进行分析,并对每个因子的健康状况进行调查、分析说明。其次,利用模糊综合评价模型中的层次分析法对草海生态健康影响的30个主要因子进行了整合分析,并对草海现在的健康状况应用平均加权原则进行了评估。最后,针对草海目前的健康状况,对草海今后的防治提出了相关建议。