漓江流域水体中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为了解漓江流域水体中重金属污染水平,在2019年5月对漓江干流采集62个表层水样,对水样中As、Cd、Cr、Mn、Cu、Zn、Hg、Co和Sb这9种重金属的浓度进行了分析检测,运用美国环境保护署（US EPA）推荐的健康风险评价模型对其引起的健康风险进行了初步评价.结果表明,水样中重金属平均浓度顺序为：Mn > Zn > As > Cr > Cu > Sb > Co > Cd > Hg,其均值都未超过《生活饮用水卫生标准（GB 5749-2006）》规定的标准限值,且符合《地表水环境质量标准（GB 3838-2002）》Ⅰ类水质标准.从空间分布来看,As、Cr、Zn和Sb的高浓度区主要分布在漓江下游,而Cd、Cu、Hg、Co和Mn高浓度区主要分布在漓江上游.多元统计分析结果显示,Cd、Mn、Cu和Co主要来源于农业生产;Cr、Zn和Sb主要来源于旅游交通运输;As主要来源于岩石风化和土壤侵蚀;Hg主要来源于生活垃圾处置不当和大气沉降.健康风险评价结果表明,儿童比成人更易于受到重金属污染的威胁,化学致癌物重金属通过饮水途径对人体健康危害的平均个人年健康风险远远超过非致癌物的平均个人年健康风险,Cr的平均个人年健康风险最大值大于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的最大可接受风险水平（5.0×10^-5 a^-1）;非致癌物重金属平均个人年健康风险（10^-14~10^-9 a^-1）呈现出Co > Cu > Hg > Zn > Sb > Mn,均远低于ICRP推荐的最大可接受水平.     

保安湖鱼体重金属和有机氯农药污染特征及健康风险评价

在湖北保安湖采集主要食用鱼类(团头鲂、鲫鱼、草鱼)样品,通过测定鱼体中的重金属(Cr、Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Cu、Zn)和有机氯农药(六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs))含量,基于不同评估模型分析了这3种鱼的污染特征和健康风险。结果显示,鱼样中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Hg的含量分别为1.03～1.13、0.93～1.66、22.80～31.54、0.08～0.49、0.004～0.007、0.040～0.050和0.03～0.06 mg·kg~(-1);鱼样中HCHs、DDTs的含量为5.94～38.04和5.99～38.38 ng·g~(-1)ww。根据国家规定的有毒有害物质限量标准,团头鲂和鲫鱼中As分别超标0.2和3.9倍;鲫鱼体内HCHs和草鱼体内DDTs含量分别超标0.9和2.8倍;其他鱼样重金属和有机氯农药含量均未超过标准限值。总体来看,鲫鱼重金属严重污染,重金属综合污染程度的顺序是鲫鱼团头鲂草鱼;鲫鱼和草鱼体内有机氯农药(OCPs)达到重度污染,OCPs综合污染程度为草鱼鲫鱼团头鲂; 3种鱼样重金属和OCPs复合暴露条件下健康风险评估结果表明,食用3种鱼肉的致癌风险都大于10-6,即均存在一定的潜在致癌风险,致癌风险概率为鲫鱼草鱼团头鲂,同时,食用鲫鱼还存在非致癌健康风险,其污染来源及有效防治值得进一步研究。     

Work‐related stress in a humanitarian context: a qualitative investigation

There is a paucity of research on the subjective stress‐related experiences of humanitarian aid workers. Most evaluations of stress among these individuals focus on trauma and related conditions or adopt a quantitative approach. This interview‐based study explored how 58 humanitarian aid workers employed by a United Nations‐aligned organisation perceived the transactional stress process. The thematic analysis revealed eight main topics of interest: an emergency culture was found where most employees felt compelled to offer an immediate response to humanitarian needs; employees identified strongly with humanitarian goals and reported a high level of engagement; the rewards of humanitarian work were perceived as motivating and meaningful; constant change and urgent demands resulted in work overload; and managing work–life boundaries and receiving positive support from colleagues and managers helped to buffer perceived stress, work overload, and negative health outcomes. The practical implications of the results are discussed and suggestions made in the light of current research and stress theory.     

Flooding: what is the impact on pregnancy and child health?

Floods are the most common type of natural disaster in both developed and developing countries and have led to extensive morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Worldwide, over the past 30 years, flooding has claimed the lives of more than 200,000 people and affected more than 2.8 billion others. The impact of flooding on health varies among populations and depends primarily on vulnerability and the kind of event experienced. It severely disrupts livelihoods and has a significant impact on the health of pregnant women and children. In addition, it may exacerbate a range of negative psychological and physiological child and reproductive health outcomes. Awareness‐raising, education, and the issuing of warnings appear to be key initiatives to mitigate or prevent flood morbidity and mortality, especially among people living in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Agencies responding to emergencies also need to be more cognisant of the dangers, specifically those engaged in healthcare, nutrition, and water safety programmes.     

升金湖水体优先污染物筛选与风险评价

为保护升金湖国家自然保护区湿地的生态环境,以7大类168种人类化学品为靶向分析目标物,研究其在升金湖水体中的赋存水平及空间分布特征（O）、综合化合物持久性（P）和生物积累性（B）等毒害性评价指标以及生态风险（E）和人体健康风险（H）等毒性参数,采用综合评分法筛选识别升金湖水体优先污染物,构建升金湖水体优控清单,评价升金湖优先污染物水环境生态及健康风险.结果表明,升金湖水体7大类化合物[挥发性有机物（VOCs）、多环芳烃（PAHs）、有机氯农药（OCPs）、多氯联苯（PCBs）、邻-苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）、抗生素（ANTs）以及金属元素（HMs）]污染普遍,其中上湖污染负荷高于中湖和下湖,呈现坝前蓄积现象.以污染物类别计,综合评分法优先污染物筛选结果显示升金湖水体检出化学品优先级顺序为：PAEs > OCPs > HMs > PCBs > PAHs > VOCs > ANTs.高优先级污染物清单中综合得分最高的10种化合物包括：邻-苯二甲酸二乙基己酯（DEMP）、邻-苯二甲酸二环己酯（DCHP）、PCB138、邻-苯二甲酸二正辛酯（DOP）、邻-苯二甲酸二壬酯（DNP）、七氯（HC）、p,p''-滴滴涕（DDT）、钡（Ba）、环氧七氯（HCE）和邻-苯二甲酸二己酯（DHP）.升金湖水体优先污染物生态风险商（RQ）为4.3~15.9,具有较高的生态风险,且上湖区风险高于中、下湖区.人体暴露健康风险评价表明,HMs的非致癌风险最大（风险指数HI>1）,其次为PAEs和OCPs,优先污染物通过饮水和皮肤接触途径暴露对人体健康产生的致癌风险（人体终生致癌风险ILCR<10^-6）可以忽略.本研究优化基于环境监测数据建立的优先污染物综合评分法,全面考虑了化学品毒害特性、生态及人体健康暴露风险（OPBEH）,为开展广泛的湖泊流域水环境优先污染物筛选提供统一的方法学指导,并为建立相应湖泊流域优控清单,制定优先污染物排放和管控标准提供科学依据.     

河流健康状况诊断指标和标准

基于反映河流自然和社会双重属性的健康内涵,构建了河流健康状况诊断指标体系,包括河流形态结构、河流社会经济功能、河流生态功能3个一级指标和18个二级指标。选用多目标多层次模糊模型诊断河流健康状况,提出了河流健康诊断指标的标准特征值,给出了指标权重确定方法。以东江为例,确定指标权重和指标值,诊断河流健康状况,结果表明,东江健康状况处于良好的下缘,形态结构改变是影响其健康的主要原因,在此基础上提出了河流修复建议。     

区域环境健康问题调查的实施机制

环境健康调查实施机制的合理性直接决定了大型区域环境健康调查的执行效率和最终结果.鉴于区域环境健康问题调查涉及内容多学科、执行流程多环节、实施过程有交叉的复杂特点,围绕环境健康传导链特征解析的调查实质,就如何高效组织区域环境健康调查的参与人员和技术力量等实施机制问题进行了探索.在总结我国大型环境健康调查工作实施经验的基础上,提出所有环境健康问题调查人员分属作用分明的“四大功能”角色定位,以及区域环境健康问题调查的“九步运行”技术流程等相关论断.相关研究结果直接支持了若干大型环境与健康调查工作,为进一步丰富区域环境健康问题调查理论提供了借鉴.     

生活垃圾收运过程中恶臭暴露的健康风险评估

通过现场采样检测,研究了生活垃圾收运链中氨、硫化物、萜烯化合物、芳香烃、醇类化合物、挥发性有机酸、醛酮类化合物等7类恶臭物质的组成特征;分析了收运链不同环节中恶臭污染物的分布特征及操作方式对其影响;依据恶臭污染物的分布特征,评估了生活垃圾转运场所职业暴露人员的致癌和非致癌风险,并对结果进行了不确定分析.结果表明,收运过程中,末端垃圾码头的恶臭污染物比前端的垃圾箱房高1个数量级以上,与生活垃圾在收运过程中降解程度逐渐提高相对应;不同类别恶臭污染物中,醇类化合物随收运链的延伸而稳定上升,挥发性有机酸(VFAs)和芳香烃化合物则呈阶跃增加,分别在集装箱码头和散装码头处达到峰值(分别为131, 711μg/m3).收运链前端,垃圾箱房的主要致臭化合物为醛酮类化合物;收运链末端,垃圾码头的主要致臭化合物为硫化物和挥发性有机酸.生活垃圾散装运输操作方式,对作业人员和周边人群可能造成较大健康影响.散装码头处恶臭污染导致的致癌和非致癌风险值最高,致癌风险值LCR总为2.64×10-5,超过生活垃圾收运链中的其它作业点,存在较大的健康风险;非致癌风险值HI总为3.01,集装箱码头处的HI总为1.22,超过了USEPA推荐的可接受范围,其余作业点的非致癌风险值HI总<1,在可接受的范围内.     

A review of approaches for the long-term management of municipal solid waste landfills

After closure, municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills must be managed and controlled to avoid adverse effects on human health and the environment (HHE). Aftercare (or post-closure care) can be brought to an end when the authorities consider the landfill to no longer pose a threat to HHE. Different approaches have been suggested for long-term landfill management and evaluation of aftercare completion. In this paper, research on aftercare and its completion is analyzed and regulatory approaches for the completion of landfill aftercare are reviewed. Approaches to aftercare could be categorized as (i) target values, (ii) impact/risk assessment, and (iii) performance based. Comparison of these approaches illustrates that each has limitations and strengths. While target values are typically used as screening indicators to be complemented with site-specific assessments, impact/risk assessment approaches address the core issue about aftercare completion, but face large uncertainties and require a high level of expertise. A performance-based approach allows for the combination of target values and impact/risk assessments in a consistent evaluation framework with the aim of sequentially reducing aftercare intensity and, ultimately, leading to the completion of aftercare. At a regulatory level, simple qualitative criteria are typically used as the primary basis for defining completion of aftercare, most likely due to the complexity of developing rigorous evaluation methodologies. This paper argues that development of transparent and consistent regulatory procedures represents the basis for defining the desired state of a landfill at the end of aftercare and for reducing uncertainty about the intensity and duration of aftercare. In this context, recently presented technical guidelines and the ongoing debate with respect to their regulatory acceptance are a valuable step towards developing strategies for the cost-effective protection of HHE at closed MSW landfills. To assess the practicality of evaluation methodologies for aftercare, well-documented case studies including regulatory review and acceptance are needed.     

基于健康风险评价的职业接触限值合理性分析

根据国家卫生部颁布GBZ2.1-2007《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值化学有害因素》,选取苯、甲苯、硝基苯及二硝基甲苯作为评级因子,运用健康风险评价的方法,计算出在其接触浓度限值下的致癌风险值和非致癌风险指数,根据计算结果评价职业接触限值的合理性。评价结果表明:GBZ2.1-2007中的苯、甲苯、硝基苯及二硝基甲苯的接触限值是不合理的,长期暴露于该浓度限值下将会对人体健康产生不利影响。