太湖流域河网4种典型抗生素的时空分布和风险评价

分析了太湖流域人口密度大且养殖业发达的宜溧-洮滆水系水相和沉积相中典型抗生素磺胺甲恶唑(Sulfamethoxazole,SMX)、氧氟沙星(Ofloxacin,OFL)、罗红霉素(Roxithromycin,ROM)和土霉素(Oxytetracycline,OTC)的时空分布特征,并应用商值法进行了健康风险(Health Quotients,HQs)和生态风险(Risk Quotients,RQs)评价.结果表明,宜溧-洮滆水系中OTC、ROM、OFL、SMX在水相的检出率分别为96.5%、57.0%、60.5%和4.5%,沉积相中的检出率分别为96.5%、95.5%、90.0%和44.5%;水相检出浓度最高的抗生素为OTC,最高浓度为17.85 ng·L~(-1);沉积相检出浓度最高的抗生素为SMX,浓度为46.74 ng·g~(-1);相比于其他3种抗生素,流域水相和沉积相中OTC的检出率和检出浓度均较高.宜溧-洮滆水系主要包括南河和长江客水区,丰水期南河水系抗生素的检出水平高于长江客水区.沉积相中抗生素浓度沿水流方向逐渐降低,入湖河口所有点位由于沉积物堆积作用均呈现抗生素富集现象.渔业养殖中抗生素的大量施用是导致该水系抗生素时空分布差异的主要原因.健康风险评价结果表明,4种抗生素均属于可接受风险(HQs0.01).生态风险评价结果表明,4种抗生素均呈现低风险(RQs0.1),其中,生态风险最高的抗生素是OTC,其值为0.086.为有效管控太湖流域抗生素生态风险,应加强对南河水系水产养殖业监管;入湖河口的抗生素富集现象也应引起重视.     

大沽夹河生态健康的生物学评价

通过背景资料调查、野外采样、实验室分析与鉴定,获得大沽夹河流域23个采样点的物理、化学和生物学指标数据.采用全部采样点数据的95th(或5th)百分位标准化指标数据,利用简单加和法计算综合指数,并根据参考点综合指数的25th百分位划分生态健康级别,评价各采样点生态健康.结果表明:底栖大型无脊椎动物是河流生态健康最综合的指示器,但其特征不能准确指示水质现状;利用采样点数据百分位进行指数标准化和生态健康级别划分,可体现评价标准的区域性特征;评价结果显示,大沽夹河生态健康不佳.      

长江大保护下健康长江指数研究——以泰州市为例

自党的十八大以来,生态文明地位提到历史新高度,习近平总书记对长江经济带发展提出"共抓大保护,不搞大开发"时代新基调.在此背景下,长江的开发与保护行动模式成为经济社会高质量发展的重要样板.根据此背景要求明确长江健康的内涵,并对其健康状况、存在问题进行评估分析十分必要,也是流域规划管理的重要支撑和行动方向.本文基于长江大保...     

南京公园降尘中重金属污染水平及风险评价

分析了南京10个公园大气降尘中重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量,利用地积累指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和美国EPA健康风险评价方法进行重金属污染水平、生态风险和健康风险的评价.结果表明,重金属污染水平较高的有燕子矶公园、大桥公园和莫愁湖公园.与其他部分城市如长春、武汉和北京相比,南京市公园降尘中的重金属含量偏高.地积累指数评价结果表明,Pb处于中度污染水平,Zn和Cu均处于中度至严重污染水平,而Cd处于严重至极度污染水平.Cd的生态风险水平为很强生态风险.健康风险评价结果显示,各重金属均不存在非致癌风险.Cd、Cr和Ni均不存在致癌风险(风险值10~(-6)),As的致癌风险在10~(-6)~10~(-4)之间,存在一定的致癌风险,但是在可接受范围之内.     

Environmental pollution by persistent toxic substances and health risk in an industrial area of China

Soil is an important environmental medium that is closely associated with humans and their health. Despite this, very few studies have measured toxicants in soils, and associated them with health risks in humans. An assessment of health effects from exposure to contaminants in soils surrounding industrial areas of chemical production and storage is important. This article aims at determining pollution characteristics of persistent toxic substances (PTS) in an industrial area in China to unravel the relationship between soil pollution by PTS and human health. One hundred and five soil samples were collected and 742 questionnaires were handed out to residents living in and around an industrial area around Bohai Bay, Tianjin in Northern China. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in soil. Mann-Whitney U and binary multivariate nonconditional logistic regression models were employed to analyze the relationship between health indicators of local residents and contaminant levels. Odds ratio (OR) and a 95% confidence interval (CI) for health incidences were also calculated. The average concentrations of DDT (73.9 ng/g), HCH (654 ng/g) and PAHs (1225 ng/g) were relatively high in the industrial area. Residents living in the chemical industry parks were exposed to a higher levels of PTS than those living outside the chemical industry parks. This exposure was associated with a higher risk of breast cancer (OR 1.87, 95% CI 0.12–30.06), stomach cancer (OR 1.87, 95% CI 0.26– 13.41), dermatitis (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.05–2.80), gastroenteritis (OR 1.59, 95% CI 0.94–2.68), and pneumonia (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.58–1.89).     

开封市幼儿园地表灰尘重金属积累及健康风险

在开封市采集31个幼儿园的地表灰尘样品,用火焰原子吸收分光光度法(F-AAS)分别测定其＞0.25 mm、0.25～0.15 mm、＜0.15 mm和多粒级混合样品的Pb、Zn、Cr、Cu和Ni含量,应用EF法和HI法探讨了灰尘重金属富集特征和针对幼儿的健康风险.结果表明:灰尘Pb、Zn、Ni、Cu和Cr平均含量分别为...     

一种城市生态系统健康评价方法及其应用

利用集对分析方法,将评价城市生态系统健康状况的多个指标系统合成一个与最优评价集的相对贴近度,用来描述城市生态系统健康状况.运用集对分析方法,以北京、大连、上海、武汉、厦门、广州等城市为例,对1995～2003年间的城市生态系统健康进行了评价.结果表明,不同时期各城市生态系统健康状况排序有所变化,但厦门和广州一直名列前茅.此外,对北京1992～2003年间城市生态系统健康状况的变化情况进行了具体分析,结果显示,北京城市生态系统健康状况随着时间的推移而不断改善.     

中国道路交通源大气污染的健康影响评估

随着经济的发展,我国机动化进程加快,机动车尾气排放已经成为城市空气污染的重要来源。对特定污染源排放引起的大气污染健康负担进行评估可以为环境空气质量管理提供科学依据。本研究遵循全球疾病负担(GBD)研究框架,应用环境空气质量模型,基于大气污染源排放清单、卫星反演PM_(2.5)浓度、全国PM_(2.5)导致的过早死亡等数据,对我国交通源所致的大气污染及健康负担进行评估。结果显示,2010年,我国由于交通源排放贡献的PM_(2.5)的年平均浓度为1.49μg/m~3,估计导致的过早死亡总数约11.69万人。交通源排放所致的健康负担主要集中在京津冀、长三角、珠三角以及中西部等经济发达和人口密集的地区。我国一方面需要实施更为严格的减排措施,持续控制交通源的排放量;另一方面,除了京津冀等发达区域,也需要加强对人口密集区域(如河南、山东等地)的机动车污染控制,以减少交通大气污染对人体健康的影响。     

我国城市交通污染分析及其对策研究

随着城市化和城市交通机动化的加快，交通污染已成为城市乃至全球大气环境和声环境的主要污染源之一，并且这种趋势仍在继续发展。通过对城市交通污染产生原因的系统分析及对身体健康危害的分析，以成都市为例，提出了我国城市汽车尾气污染和噪声污染控制技术的发展方向，并探讨了减少交通污染的对策和建议。     

Risks Associated with Genetic Modification: – An Annotated Bibliography of Peer Reviewed Natural Science Publications

We present an annotated bibliography of peer reviewed scientific research highlighting the human health, animal welfare, and environmental risks associated with genetic modification. Risks associated with the expression of the transgenic material include concerns over resistance and non-target effects of crops expressing Bt toxins, consequences of herbicide use associated with genetically modified herbicide-tolerant plants, and transfer of gene expression from genetically modified crops through vertical and horizontal gene transfer. These risks are not connected to the technique of genetic modification as such, but would be present for any conventionally produced crops with the same heritable traits. In contrast, other risks are a direct consequence of the method used in gene manipulation. These come about because of the unstable nature of the transgene and vectors used to insert it, and because of unpredictable interactions between the transgene and the host genome. The debate over the release of genetically modified organisms is not merely a scientific one; it encompasses economics, law, ethics, and policy. Any discussion on these levels does, however, need to be informed by sound science. We hope that the scientific references provided here will provide a useful starting point for further debate.