催化臭氧氧化—生物活性炭吸附组合工艺处理反渗透浓水

采用催化臭氧氧化—生物活性炭吸附组合工艺处理反渗透(RO)浓水,比较了4种催化剂催化臭氧氧化的性能,优化了初始RO浓水pH、臭氧氧化时间、生物活性炭柱空床停留时间(EBRT)等工艺条件。实验结果表明:以WP-01为催化剂催化臭氧氧化RO浓水时无需调节废水pH;臭氧氧化反应5 min时RO浓水的BOD5/COD达0.28,可生化性得到显著改善;WP-01催化剂重复使用30次其催化活性没有明显下降;生物活性炭吸附单元的EBRT控制在30 min左右,可确保出水COD稳定在50 mg/L以下,符合GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的一级A标准;催化臭氧单元处理每吨RO浓水的电费约为1.22元。     

Application of an early warning indicator and CaO to maximize the time–space-yield of an completely mixed waste digester using rape seed oil as co-substrate

In order to increase the organic loading rate (OLR) and hereby the performance of biogas plants an early warning indicator (EWI-VFA/Ca) was applied in a laboratory-scale biogas digester to control process stability and to steer additive dosing. As soon as the EWI-VFA/Ca indicated the change from stable to instable process conditions, calcium oxide was charged as a countermeasure to raise the pH and to bind long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) by formation of aggregates. An interval of eight days between two increases of the OLR, which corresponded to 38% of the hydraulic residence time (HRT), was sufficient for process adaptation. An OLR increase by a factor of three within six weeks was successfully used for biogas production. The OLR was increased to 9.5 kg volatile solids (VS) m^?3 d^?1 with up to 87% of fat. The high loading rates affected neither the microbial community negatively nor the biogas production process. Despite the increase of the organic load to high rates, methane production yielded almost its optimum, amounting to 0.9 m³ (kg VS)^?1. Beneath several uncharacterized members of the phylum Firmicutes mostly belonging to the family Clostridiaceae, a Syntrophomonas-like organism was identified that is known to live in a syntrophic relationship to methanogenic archaea. Within the methanogenic group, microorganisms affiliated to Methanosarcina, Methanoculleus and Methanobacterium dominated the community.     

水质工程用紫外光消毒器的CFD数值模拟

紫外光消毒法是一种重要的污水深度处理方法,消毒器内部辐射强度的分布情况、微生物的停留时间及其运动轨迹对灭菌效果起着至关重要的作用。本文首次在国内系统介绍了采用计算流体动力学(CFD)手段对紫外光消毒器进行数值模拟研究的理论基础和技术路线,指出辐射强度的计算和停留时间的确定是其中的关键。以特定结构的紫外光消毒器为对象,对其内部流场进行了模拟计算,讨论了挡板位置不同所引起的消毒器内部速度场的变化情况;应用离散坐标辐射模型(DO)对紫外光辐射强度分布进行了模拟,同时加入离散粒子模型(DPM)来模拟消毒器内微生物的停留时长和运动轨迹,为最终计算微生物所受紫外光辐射剂量奠定了坚实的基础。     

高频电晕放电等离子体法处理甲醛的研究

采用高频电晕等离子体法进行去除甲醛气体的试验研究.主要考察了甲醛气体处理效果与电源频率和停留时间的关系,并进行了无填料、填加亚硝酸钠填料和钛酸钡填料对甲醛气体处理效果的对比试验.结果表明,高频电晕放电等离子体法可有效地实现对甲醛气体的去除.电源频率越高,停留时间越长,甲醛的去除效果越好;在相同条件下有填料填加对甲醛气体的去除效果优于无填料填加的去除效果;钛酸钡填料优于亚硝酸钠填料的去除效果;在电源频率为55 kHz、流量0.3 m3·h-1、进口浓度12 mg·m-3钛酸钡填料存在的条件下对甲醛的去除效率接近100%.     

高级住宅小区生态设计与环境经济效益分析

以浙江省乐清市滨海生态高级住宅区“上海花园”的生态设计为实例,采用费用-效益分析方法,对“上海花园”生态设计各组成子系统增加的费用与由此带来的环境经济效益进行测算,确定该实例生态设计的总效益费用比为:1.208,表明对高级住宅进行生态设计,具有显著的环境经济及社会效益。     

Volatilization and Biodegradation of VOCs in Membrane Bioreactors (MBR)

Volatilization and biodegradation are major competitive volatile organic compound (VOC) removal mechanisms in biological wastewater treatment process, which depend on compound specific properties and system design/operational parameters. In this study, a mathematical model was used to determine major removal pathways at various organic loading rates (OLR), solids residence time (SRT) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in a biological process for vinyl acetate. Model results showed that biological treatment process should be designed with long SRT, high OLR and low DO concentrations to maximize biodegradation and minimize volatilization of VOCs. Unless a VOC is toxic to microorganisms under the given conditions, low VOC emission rates are an inherent advantage of MBRs, which operate at higher OLR and longer SRT compared to conventional activated sludge process. A lab scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) was operated at varying OLR to investigate the relative volatilization and biodegradation rates for acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde and vinyl acetate. Synthetic wastewater containing three VOCs was introduced to the MBR. The DO concentration and SRT was maintained at 2.0 mg L^{− 1} and 100 days, respectively. The overall VOC removal rate was more than 99.7% for three VOCs at all the OLR. For vinyl acetate, the biodegradation rate increased from 93.87 to 99.40% and the volatilization removal rate decreased from 6.09 to 0.59% as OLR was increased from 1.1 to 2.0 kg COD m^{− 3} d^{− 1}. It was confirmed that a MBR can be a promising solution to reduce VOC emissions from wastewater.     

农村民居抗震性能存在的问题及对策

本文通过分析农村民居抗震性能存在的问题，从专家参与设计房屋抗震加固方案、加强房屋抗震知识宣传教育、推广典型、加强村镇建设项目抗震设防的指导和管理四个方面提出了提高农村民居抗震性能的对策及措施。     

ABR反应器的结构参数对流动及混合特性的影响

为了改善ABR反应器的设计和运行,在实验室条件下,通过CFD(computational fluid dynamics,计算流体力学)技术和RTD(停留时间分布)曲线测试技术,分析不同结构参数下ABR反应器的流动和混合特性. 在此基础上,结合理论分析,确定ABR的最佳隔室数量. 结果表明:在反应器有效容积不变的情况下,随着ABR反应器内隔室数量由3个增至6个,ABR反应器内死区容积所占比例由15.51%降至1.87%,Pez(Peclet准数)由8.47升至16.67,N(串联数)由4.80升至8.88;隔室数量由3个增至4个、4个增至5个、5个增至6个时,死区容积所占比例的降幅分别为44.00%、74.50%、15.40%,Pez的增幅分别为36.88%、42.17%、32.57%,而N的增幅则分别为36.07%、1.95%、1.67%. 与5个隔室的ABR反应器相比,6个隔室的ABR反应器在死区容积所占比例、Pez和N等指标上尽管有所改善,但改善幅度已显著降低. 通过理论分析与混合参数模拟结果相结合,共同确定ABR反应器的最佳隔室数量为4个或5个.      

妇女乳腺癌医院出院率与在含持久性有机污染物场地邮政区居住之间的关系

持久性有机污染物(persistent organic polutants,简称POPs)大多具有毒性,有的甚至致癌,但目前对POPs引起的健康风险仍知之甚少。本研究的假设是在含POPs场地邮政区居住妇女的乳腺癌风险增大。从纽约州计划与研究合作系统(SPARCS)等数据库中收集乳腺癌患者的信息及居住地危险废弃物暴露、经济收入和城市化等数据。以邮政区编码表征居住地,采用负二项回归方法,对纽约州30岁以上妇女乳腺癌医院出院率进行了模型分析,参数包括种族、年龄、污染暴露、经济收入和城市化率。结果显示,不同参数之间(如暴露与种族、暴露与收入、暴露与城市化)存在交互作用。对部分子群而言,与居住在不含危险废弃物场地邮政区的妇女相比,居住在含POPs场地邮政区的妇女乳腺癌出院率显著升高(率比(rate ratio,RR)1.10~1.34,P0.05)。这种关系在非裔妇女中强于白种妇女、在城市化高的地区强于农村地区。调整了混杂因素后,某些妇女人群乳腺癌出院率升高与在含POPs场地邮政区居住有显著的关系。     

Characteristics of carbonyls and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in residences in Beijing,China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyl compounds were measured both indoors and outdoors in 50 residences of Beijing in heating (December, 2011) and non-heating seasons (April/May, 2012). SUMMA canisters for VOCs and diffusive samplers for carbonyl compounds were deployed for 24 h at each site, and 94 compounds were quantified. Formaldehyde, acetone and acetaldehyde were the most abundant carbonyl compounds both indoors and outdoors with indoor median concentrations being 32.1, 21.7 and 15.3 μg·m⁻³, respectively. Ethane (17.6 μg·m⁻³), toluene (14.4 μg·m⁻³), propane (11.2 μg·m⁻³), ethene (8.40 μg·m⁻³), n-butane (6.87 μg·m⁻³), and benzene (5.95 μg·m⁻³) showed the high median concentrations in indoor air. Dichloromethane, p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) and toluene exhibited extremely high levels in some residences, which were related with a number of indoor emission sources. Moreover, isoprene, p-dichlorobenzene and carbonyls showed median indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios larger than 3, indicating their indoor sources were prevailing. Chlorinated compounds like CFCs were mainly from outdoor sources for their I/O ratios being less than 1. In addition, indoor concentrations between two sampling seasons varied with different compounds. Carbonyl compounds and some chlorinated compounds had higher concentrations in the non-heating season, while alkanes, alkenes, aromatic compounds showed an increase in the heating season. Indoor concentration of VOCs and carbonyls were influenced by locations, interior decorations and indoor activities, however the specific sources for indoor VOCs and carbonyls could not be easily identified. The findings obtained in this study would significantly enhance our understandings on the prevalent and abundant species of VOCs as well as their concentrations and sources in Beijing residences.