Effects of Multiple Levels of Social Organization on Survival and Abundance

Abstract: Identifying how social organization shapes individual behavior, survival, and fecundity of animals that live in groups can inform conservation efforts and improve forecasts of population abundance, even when the mechanism responsible for group‐level differences is unknown. We constructed a hierarchical Bayesian model to quantify the relative variability in survival rates among different levels of social organization (matrilines and pods) of an endangered population of killer whales (Orcinus orca). Individual killer whales often participate in group activities such as prey sharing and cooperative hunting. The estimated age‐specific survival probabilities and survivorship curves differed considerably among pods and to a lesser extent among matrilines (within pods). Across all pods, males had lower life expectancy than females. Differences in survival between pods may be caused by a combination of factors that vary across the population's range, including reduced prey availability, contaminants in prey, and human activity. Our modeling approach could be applied to demographic rates for other species and for parameters other than survival, including reproduction, prey selection, movement, and detection probabilities.     

Limitations of outsourcing on‐the‐ground biodiversity conservation

To counteract global species decline, modern biodiversity conservation engages in large projects, spends billions of dollars, and includes many organizations working simultaneously within regions. To add to this complexity, the conservation sector has hierarchical structure, where conservation actions are often outsourced by funders (foundations, government, etc.) to local organizations that work on‐the‐ground. In contrast, conservation science usually assumes that a single organization makes resource allocation decisions. This discrepancy calls for theory to understand how the expected biodiversity outcomes change when interactions between organizations are accounted for. Here, we used a game theoretic model to explore how biodiversity outcomes are affected by vertical and horizontal interactions between 3 conservation organizations: a funder that outsourced its actions and 2 local conservation organizations that work on‐the‐ground. Interactions between the organizations changed the spending decisions made by individual organizations, and thereby the magnitude and direction of the conservation benefits. We showed that funders would struggle to incentivize recipient organizations with set priorities to perform desired actions, even when they control substantial amounts of the funding and employ common contracting approaches to enhance outcomes. Instead, biodiversity outcomes depended on priority alignment across the organizations. Conservation outcomes for the funder were improved by strategic interactions when organizational priorities were well aligned, but decreased when priorities were misaligned. Meanwhile, local organizations had improved outcomes regardless of alignment due to additional funding in the system. Given that conservation often involves the aggregate actions of multiple organizations with different objectives, strategic interactions between organizations need to be considered if we are to predict possible outcomes of conservation programs or costs of achieving conservation targets.     

上市航空公司盈利能力综合评价

自2008年以来,我国航空业一直处于发展低谷,评价航空公司的盈利能力及分析提高盈利能力的对策是一关键问题.许多学者习惯于应用单一的评价方法对航空上市企业进行评价,然而在对同一批航空上市企业进行评价时,不同的方法得出了不同的评价结果.基于此状况,提出一种系统的综合评价方法,并对全国12家典型航空上市企业进行综合评价,克服了以往应用单一方法在评价中的片面性,使评价结果更加全面客观.     

聚类GO术语在基因表达差异研究中的应用

针对基因功能分类体系基因本体(Gene Ontology,GO)特殊的有向无环图特点,改进传统的用单个GO术语检测基因差异表达信号的缺陷,设计出"聚类GO术语提升差异表达检测(ScaGO)"算法.通过简单的输入对照和实验组表达谱上的全部基因表达信号,来研究一些比较新的差异表达功能组,有助于进一步解释基因差异表达的生物学意义,如疾病发病机制、药物作用机理等.将ScaGO和基于单GO术语差异分析法应用到急性淋巴细胞性白血病数据集和酵母Rap1 DNA绑定突变体差异表达数据集上,结果显示,ScaGO能比基于单GO术语差异分析法发现一些新的与差异表达相关联的功能类基因,对于指导实验具有积极意义.图1表3参21     

珠三角典型地区大气污染时段VOCs特征及化学反应活性

于2016年在广东大气超级监测站,开展4个季节的VOCs、O₃和PM_2.5长时间、高分辨率的连续观测,共获得2142组有效数据,并利用OH消耗速率(LOH)、臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAFP)3种评价方法以及HYSPLIT模型,分析珠三角典型地区大气污染时段VOCs特征及化学反应活性.结果表明,PM_2.5高值时段,除异戊二烯外,其余各种VOCs的平均浓度水平高于O₃高值时段.3种情境中,VOCs化学反应活性由强到弱依次为PM_2.5高值时段、观测期间、O₃高值时段.在O₃高值时段,来自珠三角东部地区气团中VOCs的浓度水平最高,而来自珠江西岸气团中VOCs的LOH和OFP最高,其次为来自珠三角东部的气团,这说明在珠江西岸和珠三角东部地区有大量的强化学反应活性污染物排放.来自北方内陆地区气团中苯系物占比较高,其SOAFP最高.在PM_2.5高值时段,来自南部海洋气团中VOCs的混合比、LOH、...     

基于自适应灰色面板聚类的城市公共安全风险测度*

为科学评估城市公共安全风险,基于“脆弱性—能力”综合评估框架从公共安全风险事件维度入手,构建城市公共安全风险评估指标体系;选取2015—2019年与脆弱性和风险承载能力相关的22个指标,采用改进后的自适应灰色面板聚类从绝对量、增量和波动量3方面进行测度。聚类结果将全国城市的公共安全风险水平分为6个类型;基于研究结果进一步分析造成不同类型特征的原因,明确各城市公共安全管理存在的薄弱点,提出相关改进建议。研究结果表明:北京和上海在3个层面上均有较好表现,属于低风险城市;全国大部分地区呈现出绝对量水平中等或较差,增量和波动量水平较好的特征。     

模糊聚类在应急处置能力评估中的应用初探

以南京某化工园区10家企业的应急处置演练为例,根据应急处置的实际过程选取7个不同的评估指标,运用模糊聚类的方法分析了10家企业的应急处置能力情况。分析结果表明,模糊聚类分析得到的评估结果和原始数据的分析结果是一致的。模糊聚类分析可用于评估和分析整个化工园区企业的应急处置能力,增强园区应急管理部门对企业应急处置方面的管理。     

危化品安全生产科技研究现状的文献计量分析

为了解我国危化品安全生产科技研究现状,揭示危化品安全生产科技的动态演化过程,以中国知网文献数据为来源,采用文献计量法对2006—2014年的危化品安全生产科技相关文献进行挖掘、整理、分析。通过对比2006—2011与2012—2014年2个时间段关键词词频排序,共词聚类2012—2014年的高频关键词,分析我国危化品安全生产科技的主题结构及研究热点变化情况。研究表明:危化品、天然气管道、化工园区等关键词相关的安全生产科技,其关注度依旧较高,但针对这些传统领域的科技研发呈现出新的特点,围绕动态分级、生命周期、云计算等关键词开展的科技研究逐渐成为关注热点和优势方向;2012—2014年我国危化品安全生产科技可以归纳为6个主要研究领域。     

长三角地区空气质量国控环境监测点空间代表性评价——以PM2.5为例

2013年我国正式开展了113个环境保护重点城市和国家环境保护模范城市细颗粒物等项目监测,目前已建成国家环境空气质量监测网络.为了较好地将空气质量国控环境监测点（简称国控点）监测结果提升到区域和全球水平,须了解当前空气质量环境监测网络的空间代表性.本文以长三角地区为研究区域,基于国控点空间分布信息,结合区域第二产业比重（POSI）、地区生产总值（GDP）、人口（POP）、风速（WDSP）、降水量（PRCP）、气温（TEMP）、增强型植被指数（EVI）和数字高程模型（DEM）8个影响细颗粒物（PM_2.5）相关变量,在1 km×1 km空间分辨率下计算长三角地区129个国控点与研究区域中其他位置（像元）的多维欧氏距离,并结合K均值聚类方法开展区域国控点PM_2.5监测的空间代表性评价及优化.结果表明：①长三角地区129个国控点代表区域面积差异明显,其中,上海市淀山湖站点的代表面积最大,为37933 km²,南京市迈皋桥站点的代表面积最小,仅为4 km²;②长三角地区国控点能较好地代表整个区域的PM_2.5空间分布,现有国控点对PM_2.5空间分布代表的有效范围（即像元与国控点多维欧氏距离低于全区平均值的区域）占总面积的63.23%;③难以被现有国控点代表性的区域主要集中在江苏省太湖、洪泽湖等水域、上海市中心城区与崇明沿海地区及浙江西南部山地地区;④在浙江省绍兴市与衢州市新增2个国控点,中东部丘陵地区的区域代表性可得到明显改善,长三角地区国控点可代表区域面积占比整体提高16.4%.     

Research on the development and planning of renewable energy in Tibet

With the rapid social and economic development of the Tibet Autonomous Region,the situation in regard to energy supply and demand is increasingly tense.Meanwhile,the development of renewable energy in Tibet has been given considerable practical significance by its peculiar ecological environment.Given the complementarity of renewable energies in Tibet,using the method of factor analysis,we derived four major factors:level of economic development,social development,industrial development,and energy endowment,which help to evaluate development conditions in different regions of Tibet.Treating these four factors equally,we used the hierarchical clustering method to determine the order of regional development.Thus we acquire a three-stage planning project for renewable energy.In the first stage,Lhasa plays a leading role in promoting the development of renewable energy,particularly that based on solar and wind energy.There are two phases in the second stage,the first being to simultaneously develop solar and wind energy in Xigaze and Nyingchi.The second is to develop solar and wind energy in accordance with the time of year in Qamdo,Nagqu,and Ali,with 1.145billion kWh electricity to be generated.The third stage is to develop energy production in Lhoka Prefecture,with 1.369billion kWh electricity to be generated.At the end of the three-stage project,consumption of available electricity will have reached 4.045 billion kwh,with major social and economic benefits.