我国不同类型地下工程中的氡水平

为了解我国地下工程内氡的浓度水平及其可能对人体产生的危害,采用核固体径迹法,在不同季节对全国23个城市的234个地下工程测点的氡浓度进行了测量。根据工程的建筑类型及用途的不同,将所有被测工程分为坑道、干道(包括掘进式地道工程)、地下室(高层建筑地下室和掘开式工程)和停车场四类,各类工程的氡浓度平均值分别为327、619、96.9、59.1 Bq.m-3。对于不同山体岩性的坑道,氡浓度值由高到低的顺序是花岗岩>凝灰岩>石英砂岩>石灰岩>安山玢岩。比较各类工程不同季节的氡浓度,得出,停车场氡浓度季节变化不大,其它三类工程都有氡浓度夏季明显高于冬季的特点,而且通风差的未使用的坑道和干道比使用中的同类工程具有相对高的氡浓度夏/冬比值。     

复杂建筑空间人员应急疏散的无人机引导模型研究*

为提升紧急情况下复杂建筑空间中应急疏散引导的疏散效率,采用仿真模拟方法,提出1套可适用于复杂建筑空间人员应急疏散的无人机引导模型,该模型通过改进传统算法和构建新方法,实现无人机空间遍历移动规则寻优、无人机引导路径寻优以及基于“障碍物空间场域”建筑空间区域划分。研究结果表明:相较于没有无人机引导,采用单无人机和多无人机协同引导疏散,可大幅缩短整体疏散时间,有效减少疏散路径当量长度,提高疏散效率并保证路径安全,为无人机在应急救援和疏散的应用提供新思路。     

高温高湿巷道内不稳定换热系数影响因素分析及模型建立*

为研究高温高湿巷道不稳定换热系数的变化规律,采用Fluent软件对高温高湿巷道内的热湿交换进行数值模拟,通过单因素和正交模拟实验探讨风流温度、风流速度、岩石导热系数、原岩温度以及巷道当量直径对高温高湿巷道不稳定换热系数的影响。研究结果表明:高温高湿巷道不稳定换热系数随时间的变化规律与普通巷道一致,均与通风时间呈负相关,但通风时间为1 a的高温高湿巷道不稳定换热系数较普通巷道增加了12.5%。通过单因素分析得到风流速度、岩石导热系数和当量直径与不稳定换热系数呈正相关。通过极差分析得到各因素对不稳定换热系数的影响程度为:岩石导热系数>当量直径>风流速度>风流温度>原岩温度。利用SPSS软件对正交实验数据进行拟合,建立不稳定换热系数的计算模型,拟为高温高湿巷道内热负荷计算及井下风温预测提供参考。     

高压输电线铁塔地震时程弹性数值模拟

地震对高压输电线铁塔的安全性能有重要影响。通过建立高压输电线铁塔模型,采用有限元方法对受7级和8级地震影响的高压输电线铁塔的力学行为进行数值模拟与分析。计算结果表明:在地震作用下高压输电线铁塔t=3-4s时加速度最大,其应力也相应较大;在7级地震时最大应力值远小于材料的许可应力,高压输电线铁塔在7级地震过程中是安全的,但是8级地震时,最大应力值已经达到234MPa,超过Q345许可应力230MPa,高压线铁塔就处于不安全运行状态。     

气-固复合粉体在高原地区灭火性能的试验研究

为满足高原地区低压低氧环境对火灾防治的特殊需求,在拉萨进行模拟试验,研究由溴氟丙烯和13X沸石所组成的气-固复合粉体灭火剂对汽油火的灭火性能,并与平原地区的合肥的灭火效果进行对比。试验结果表明,在拉萨低压低氧的环境下,复合粉体灭火剂对汽油火具有很好的灭火性能。在同样的试验条件下,其灭火时间和灭火剂用量比合肥减少20%以上,说明该复合粉体灭火剂在高原地区有很好的适用性。     

不同来源废水COD、TOC与Cl-的关系

通过对含盐化工废水(A)、受潮汐影响的河流水(B)、城市生活污水处理厂排水(C)、采油废水(D)4种不同来源废水进行为期15 d的采样监测,测定了其COD、TOC和Cl-浓度,分析比较了3种废水指标之间的关系,其中COD分别使用重铬酸钾法、氯气校正法和碘化钾碱性高锰酸钾法3种方法进行测定.实验结果表明,4种废水Cl-浓...     

城市生活垃圾热解重整制合成气计算分析

基于热化学平衡对热解重整制取合成气工艺进行了建模分析,考察了垃圾收到基水分Mar、干燥基灰分Ad、热解装置入口垃圾含水率和合成气燃烧比例对能量转化率、干合成气产率、干合成气低位热值、合成气组分等的影响。结果表明：该工艺对于收到基低位热值大于6.7?MJ·kg-1的生活垃圾可以产生标况下低位热值高于5.3?MJ·m-3的干合成气;垃圾收到基水分和干燥基灰分的增加会大幅降低能量转化率、干合成气产率和低位热值。     

中心组合设计制备高比表面铝基核桃果皮多孔碳材料

以农业废弃物核桃青果皮为原料、F127为微结构调控剂、硝酸铝为中心配位离子,通过中心组合设计,螯合辅助共组装策略制备了系列铝基多孔碳材料并对制备参数进行优化分析。选择硝酸铝浓度、铝基复合材料与F127的质量比和碳化温度作为优化因素,研究各因素的不同水平对系列碳材料比表面积的影响。得到制备的最优条件为硝酸铝浓度1 mol·L-1,铝基复合材料与F127质量比为2.5及碳化温度850 °C。在此条件下,制备得到的碳样品的比表面积为1 505.86 m2·g-1,与预测值1 503.77 m2·g-1接近,说明与响应方程模型高度拟合。     

Incidence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in central air conditioner filter dust from a new office building

This study examined polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in central air conditioner filter (CACF) dust from a new office building in Shenzhen, China. Human exposure to PBDE via dust inhalation and ingestion were also estimated. PBDEs level in CACF dust was lower than those in the other countries and regions. Approximately 0.671 pg/kg bw/day PM_2.5 (Particulate Matter up to 2.5 μm in size) bounded Σ₁₅PBDEs can be inhaled deep into the lungs and 4.123 pg/kg bw/day PM₁₀ (Particulate Matter up to 10 μm in size) bounded Σ₁₅PBDEs tend to be deposited in the upper parts of the respiratory system. The average total intake of Σ₁₅PBDEs via dust inhalation and ingestion for adults reached ∼141 pg/kg bw/day in this building. This value was far below the reference dose (RfD) recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency. Human exposure to PBDEs via dust inhalation and ingestion in the new building is less than the old ones.     

Chitosan/albumin/CaCO3 as mimics for membrane bioreactor fouling: genesis of structural mineralized-EPS-building blocks and cake layer compressibility

Membrane bioreactor biofouling is usually described as an extracellular matrix in which biopolymers, inorganic salts and active microbes co-exist. For that reason, biomineralization (BM) models can be useful to describe the spatial organization and environmental constraints within the referred scenario. BM arguments were utilized as background in order to (1) evaluate CaCO₃ influence on flux decline; pore blocking and cake layer properties (resistance, permeability and compressibility) in a wide range of Chitosan/Bovine serum albumin (BSA) mixtures during step-pressure runs and, (2) perform membrane autopsies in order to explore the genesis of mineralized extracellular building blocks (MEBB) during cake layer build up. Using low molecular weight chitosan (LC) and BSA, 2 L of 5 LC/BSA mixtures (0.25-1.85 ratio) were pumped to an external ultra filtration (UF) membrane (23.5 cm², hydrophobic, piezoelectric, 100 kDa as molecular weight cut-off). Eight different pressure steps (40 ± 7 to 540 ± 21 kPa) were applied. Each pressure step was held for 900 s. CaCO₃ was added to LC/BSA mixtures at 0.5, 1.5 and 3 mM in order to create MEBB during the filtration tests. Membrane autopsies were performed after the filtration tests using thermo gravimetric, scanning microscopy and specific membrane mass (mg cm⁻²) analyses. Biopolymer-CaCO₃ step-pressure filtration created compressible cake layers (with inner voids). The formation of an internal skeleton of MEBB may contribute to irreversible fouling consolidation. A hypothesis for MEBB genesis and development was set forth.