酸雨对建筑材料的影响及防治研究综述

综合分析了酸雨对建筑外墙的涂料、石材、混凝土等主要建筑构件的腐蚀原理,并提出了防治措施,来预防酸雨对建筑材料的侵害。     

建筑施工企业安全质量标准化常见问题及对策

本文介绍了建筑施工企业开展安全质量标准化达标活动的背景,并从"对安全质量标准化达标活动重视程度不够、主动性不强"、"全员参与程度低"等几个方面指出了建筑施工企业开展安全质量标准化达标活动中存在的问题;同时提出了"统一思想,提高对安全质量标准化达标的认识"、"强化安全生产主体责任的落实"等8条解决措施,并提出了"建立有效...     

钻井废泥浆絮凝脱水固化处理研究

以海上油田水基钻井废泥浆为试验对象,采用化学固液分离法,加入不同絮凝剂脱水,并用水泥作为固化剂对脱水后的泥饼进行固化处理制成建筑材料。结果表明:钻井废泥浆经稀释后才能实现固液分离。当钻井废泥浆稀释比为4.00时,加入150 mg/kg阴离子絮凝剂A1920PAM,处理后钻井废泥浆泥饼含水率最低降至35.33%;水泥固化块中钻井废泥浆泥饼最佳加入比为25%,此时既能满足大部分建筑材料强度要求,又能大量固化钻井废泥浆;对水泥固化后的材料用水浸泡测定浸出液中主要污染物,结果显示,浸出液中COD_Cr、重金属等污染物浸出量均低于GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准。     

某市室内空气中甲醛污染调查与分析

通过问卷调查与现场检测明确某市室内空气中甲醛污染状况与甲醛浓度的影响因素。普通居民住宅内甲醛污染状况严重,在9套普通居民住宅中测定的26个房间样本,甲醛合格率仅为30.8%。在校园4个公共活动区测定的10个样本中,合格率为90.0%,污染状况较轻微。结果表明,室内甲醛浓度最主要的影响因素是大量建筑装饰材料的使用,其次是装修完工时间和通风换气量及频次。同时甲醛浓度与室内温度和相对湿度等其他因素有关。     

办公建筑夏季用能行为测试研究

建筑使用者热环境改善行为对建筑能耗具有重要影响。对杭州市某办公建筑开展夏季空调使用行为测试。较高的空调使用率以及空调设备对室内热环境的显著改善说明空调使用是该地区夏季采用的主要降温措施。采用逻辑回归构建出夏季空调开启率预测模型。根据所构建的夏季空调开启率预测模型,得出测试房间空调开启室外耐受温度为32.0℃。根据测试期间空调开启时刻温度,得出空调开启室内耐受温度为28.7℃。     

建筑物地基安全性监测

建筑物地基安全性监测是及时掌握建筑在施工和最初使用阶段地基是否出现异常变形的重要方法。本文根据大量工程监测实践，分析了建筑物地基安全性异常的表现形式及产生原因，总结了建筑物安全性监测应注意的几个问题。     

我国不同类型地下工程中的氡水平

为了解我国地下工程内氡的浓度水平及其可能对人体产生的危害,采用核固体径迹法,在不同季节对全国23个城市的234个地下工程测点的氡浓度进行了测量。根据工程的建筑类型及用途的不同,将所有被测工程分为坑道、干道(包括掘进式地道工程)、地下室(高层建筑地下室和掘开式工程)和停车场四类,各类工程的氡浓度平均值分别为327、619、96.9、59.1 Bq.m-3。对于不同山体岩性的坑道,氡浓度值由高到低的顺序是花岗岩>凝灰岩>石英砂岩>石灰岩>安山玢岩。比较各类工程不同季节的氡浓度,得出,停车场氡浓度季节变化不大,其它三类工程都有氡浓度夏季明显高于冬季的特点,而且通风差的未使用的坑道和干道比使用中的同类工程具有相对高的氡浓度夏/冬比值。     

复杂建筑空间人员应急疏散的无人机引导模型研究*

为提升紧急情况下复杂建筑空间中应急疏散引导的疏散效率,采用仿真模拟方法,提出1套可适用于复杂建筑空间人员应急疏散的无人机引导模型,该模型通过改进传统算法和构建新方法,实现无人机空间遍历移动规则寻优、无人机引导路径寻优以及基于“障碍物空间场域”建筑空间区域划分。研究结果表明:相较于没有无人机引导,采用单无人机和多无人机协同引导疏散,可大幅缩短整体疏散时间,有效减少疏散路径当量长度,提高疏散效率并保证路径安全,为无人机在应急救援和疏散的应用提供新思路。     

Incidence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in central air conditioner filter dust from a new office building

This study examined polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in central air conditioner filter (CACF) dust from a new office building in Shenzhen, China. Human exposure to PBDE via dust inhalation and ingestion were also estimated. PBDEs level in CACF dust was lower than those in the other countries and regions. Approximately 0.671 pg/kg bw/day PM_2.5 (Particulate Matter up to 2.5 μm in size) bounded Σ₁₅PBDEs can be inhaled deep into the lungs and 4.123 pg/kg bw/day PM₁₀ (Particulate Matter up to 10 μm in size) bounded Σ₁₅PBDEs tend to be deposited in the upper parts of the respiratory system. The average total intake of Σ₁₅PBDEs via dust inhalation and ingestion for adults reached ∼141 pg/kg bw/day in this building. This value was far below the reference dose (RfD) recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency. Human exposure to PBDEs via dust inhalation and ingestion in the new building is less than the old ones.     

Chitosan/albumin/CaCO3 as mimics for membrane bioreactor fouling: genesis of structural mineralized-EPS-building blocks and cake layer compressibility

Membrane bioreactor biofouling is usually described as an extracellular matrix in which biopolymers, inorganic salts and active microbes co-exist. For that reason, biomineralization (BM) models can be useful to describe the spatial organization and environmental constraints within the referred scenario. BM arguments were utilized as background in order to (1) evaluate CaCO₃ influence on flux decline; pore blocking and cake layer properties (resistance, permeability and compressibility) in a wide range of Chitosan/Bovine serum albumin (BSA) mixtures during step-pressure runs and, (2) perform membrane autopsies in order to explore the genesis of mineralized extracellular building blocks (MEBB) during cake layer build up. Using low molecular weight chitosan (LC) and BSA, 2 L of 5 LC/BSA mixtures (0.25-1.85 ratio) were pumped to an external ultra filtration (UF) membrane (23.5 cm², hydrophobic, piezoelectric, 100 kDa as molecular weight cut-off). Eight different pressure steps (40 ± 7 to 540 ± 21 kPa) were applied. Each pressure step was held for 900 s. CaCO₃ was added to LC/BSA mixtures at 0.5, 1.5 and 3 mM in order to create MEBB during the filtration tests. Membrane autopsies were performed after the filtration tests using thermo gravimetric, scanning microscopy and specific membrane mass (mg cm⁻²) analyses. Biopolymer-CaCO₃ step-pressure filtration created compressible cake layers (with inner voids). The formation of an internal skeleton of MEBB may contribute to irreversible fouling consolidation. A hypothesis for MEBB genesis and development was set forth.