超高层建筑防灭火对策探析

通过以往超高层建筑的火灾数据和案例,从火灾蔓延速度、人员疏散和主体结构三个方面,分析了超高层建筑物的火灾特点,并针对其火灾特点从防火分区设计、疏散通道避难场所、主体结构、控烟设计、消防应急设施配备、超高层火灾的扑救策略和人员疏散等角度,论述了超高层建筑的防灭火对策,对近些年新出现的超高层消防逃生避难技术进行了探讨。基于超高层火灾较难扑救的情况,城市规划者和建筑设计师应根据现有的消防技术水平,适度发展超高层建筑。     

民航飞行员非技术技能评价模型的研究

为了准确地掌握飞行员的非技术技能,提高安全培训效能和飞行机组排班的科学性,对飞行员非技术技能的评价模型进行了研究,从飞行员的机组交流与合作能力、自动化系统意识、情境意识与决策、领导与管理、应激能力5个方面构建了飞行员非技术技能评价指标体系,运用灰色关联分析-因子分析相结合的方法建立了飞行员非技术技能评价模型。运用此模型对某航空公司5名不同背景的飞行员的非技术技能实施了评价。研究结果表明:此模型可以定量地判定飞行员非技术技能的高低,并能够识别飞行员非技术技能的薄弱环节。     

基于建筑信息模型的铁路工程安全管理体系研究

为解决铁路施工现行安全管理强度大、施工准备不足、部门间协作性与联系性较弱、信息滞后、施工保障不足等问题,充分考虑建筑信息模型的优势,结合建筑信息模型对铁路施工进行全生命周期安全管理。利用Revit对工程项目进行建模,结合三维模型对人员进行技术交底与安全教育,导入广联达BIM5D软件对工程项目的即时性管理。研究结果表明:该安全管理体系可以通过可视化设计、施工模拟在施工前充分准备,预先采取针对性安全措施;同时实现信息的全程实时共享,增强各部门之间的协调性和管理的及时性;结合建筑信息模型与云平台充分保障后期的运行与维护,达到对铁路工程进行高效、可行的全生命周期信息化安全管理的目的。     

南京市人防工程环境放射性调查

在冬季、春季和夏季分别对南京市人防工程内空气中氡浓度进行了测量.结果显示,对应于不通风、半自然通风、自然通风三种方式,夏季氡浓度最高,为904.2 Bq/m3,是南京市室内平均值的50倍,冬季次之,春季最低,分别为12倍和7.9倍.γ射线空气吸收剂量率和土壤及建筑材料中放射性核素γ能谱分析结果表明,前者为正常本底水平,而后者与全国及南京平均值处于同一水平.根据测量数据,计算了工作人员受到的年有效剂量,为4.29 mSv,是全国平均值(2.30mSv)的1.9倍,且吸入氡及氡子体所致内照射剂量所占比重较大,为84.1%,危害更大.建议采用加强通风的措施降低空气中的氡浓度,以减轻危害.     

The elaboration of the 'Stockholm convention' on persistent organic pollutants (POPs): a negotiation process fraught with obstacles and opportunities

The conclusion in December 2000 of the negotiations for the 'Stockholm Convention' can clearly be labeled as a success. The Convention text was negotiated in merely five sessions of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) and accomplished after its fifth session despite the fact that numerous controversial issues, such as the inclusion of new substances under the ambit of the Convention, the acknowledgement of the precautionary principle or--clearly most controversial--the financing mechanisms, remained to be resolved. This paper attempts to provide a somewhat impressionistic account of the negotiations leading to the conclusion of the 'Stockholm Convention' as experienced by the members of the Swiss delegation participating in the negotiations of the INC. Besides a brief overview on the 'history' of the negotiations, it will focus on some issues of special interest--and controversy--to the negotiators, and finally attempt to provide an outlook on the future of the work performed by the INC and the implementation of the Convention. Issues of special interest are environmental policy issues, capacity building and financing, trade-related issues, precautionary principles, and technical and scientific issues.     

Risk and the neoliberal state: why post-Mitch lessons didn't reduce El Salvador's earthquake losses

Although El Salvador suffered light losses from Hurricane Mitch in 1998, it benefited from the increased international aid and encouragement for advance planning, especially mitigation and prevention interventions. Thus, one would have supposed, El Salvador would have been in a very advantageous position, able more easily than its economically crippled neighbours, Honduras and Nicaragua, to implement the 'lessons of Mitch'. A review of the recovery plan tabled by the El Salvador government following the earthquakes of early 2001 shows that despite the rhetoric in favour of 'learning the lessons of Mitch', very little mitigation and prevention had actually been put in place between the hurricane (1998) and the earthquakes (2001). The recovery plan is analysed in terms of the degree to which it deals with root causes of disaster vulnerability, namely, the economic and political marginality of much of the population and environmental degradation. An explanation for the failure to implement mitigation and preventive actions is traced to the adherence by the government of El Salvador to an extreme form of neoliberal, free market ideology, and the deep fissures and mistrust in a country that follow a long and bloody civil war.     

East Timor emerging from conflict: the role of local NGOs and international assistance

International assistance efforts have represented a conundrum for East Timorese seeking to assert their new independence and autonomy. While urgent needs have been met, local participation, involvement and capacity building have not been given adequate attention. This outcome is aptly demonstrated in the case of local non-government organisations (LNGOs). This paper specifically examines the role of LNGOs in the recovery of East Timor within the international assistance programme. It examines the challenges of rehabilitation efforts in East Timor with a particular focus on capacity building of East Timorese NGOs as part of a broader effort to strengthen civil society. The initial crisis response in East Timor highlighted tension between meeting immediate needs while simultaneously incorporating civil society actors such as NGOs and communities. It has been argued that local NGOs and the community at large were not sufficiently incorporated into the process. While it is acknowledged that many local NGOs had limited capacity to respond, a greater emphasis on collaboration, inclusion and capacity building was desirable, with a view to supporting medium and longer term objectives that promote a vibrant civil society, sustainability and self-management.     

From disaster to sustainable civil society: the Kobe experience

Nine years after the Kobe earthquake in Japan, social issues are still prominent, and the rehabilitation process is still ongoing. The earthquake caused two major changes in Japanese society: an increase in voluntary and non-government activities, and the enhancement of cooperation between local government and the residents' association. People's participation in the decision-making process was a significant achievement. To sustain the efforts generated after the earthquake, the Kobe Action Plan was formulated and tested in different disaster scenarios. The current study suggests that civil societies in urban areas are sustainable if, first, the activities related to daily services are provided by the resident's associations; and second, these are linked to economic incentives. Leadership plays a crucial role in collective decision-making. Creation of the support system is essential for long-term sustainability of civil-society activities. These observations are exemplified in the case study in Nishi Suma, one of the worst-affected areas in the Kobe city.     

Using evidence to improve reproductive health quality along the Thailand-Burma border

The Mae Tao Clinic, located on the Thailand-Burma border, has provided health services for illegal migrant workers in Thailand and internally displaced people from Burma since 1989. In 2001, the clinic launched a project with the primary aim of improving reproductive health services and the secondary aim of building clinic capacity in monitoring and evaluation (M&E). This paper first presents the project's methods and key results. The team used observation of antenatal care and family-planning sessions and client exit interviews at baseline and follow-up, approximately 13 months apart, to assess performance on six elements of quality of care. Findings indicated that improving programme readiness contributed to some improvement in the quality of services, though inconsistencies in findings across the methods require further research. The paper then identifies lessons learned from introducing M&E in a resource-constrained setting. One key lesson was that a participatory approach to M&E increased people's feelings of ownership of the project and motivated staff to collect and use data for programme decision-making to improve quality.     

基于多组并联控制的高层建筑遇险循环链梯研究

为了解决居住在高层建筑中的人们遇险后安全疏散的问题,研究出一种新颖的无动力链梯逃逸系统。在没有电力资源的情况下,既要解决循环链梯缓降速度,实现平滑控制的问题,又要解决系统长期处于闲置状态,而不影响其可靠性的问题。提出了循环链梯缓降速度多组并联控制的方案;采用液压式并联控制机构,很好地解决了链梯缓降速度的平滑控制及其可靠性的问题;并成功地研制出循环链梯的试验装置,经实际的性能测试表明,具有启动负荷小、运行平稳、工作可靠的特点。