基于改进最优迈步模型的楼梯区域疏散模拟

面对火灾等紧急事件,如何从多层和高层建筑内快速有效地疏散人群是火灾安全研究的一个重要课题。针对楼梯间这一重要疏散场景,考虑行人在台阶与转角平台处的迈步特征差别,在转角平台提出并采用圆形连续场域的生成法和运动规则,构建了一种改进的最优迈步模型。利用该模型重现了NIST进行的疏散演习场景,并从实时疏散人数、总疏散时间和基本图等方面进行了分析。结果表明:模型符合真实楼梯间行人疏散特性,可用于楼梯区域行人流的研究和分析。     

建筑退让道路红线与城市消防安全布防探讨

后退道路红线,除具有城市景观布置、人流物流疏导等一般城市属性作用外,担负着抢险救灾、战争等众多涉及消防安全布防的重要功能.后退道路红线规划管理的严重滞后,对城市消防安全形成了严重挑战,是城市消防管理的重大遗漏.本文对后退道路红线与城市消防安全布防的内在关系进行了梳理,厘清了建筑控制线失控的原因,给出了解决这一问题的清晰路线图,以期能在今后城市建设及城市消防安全管理和布防的理论、规划和实践中加以匡正.     

Compromises of Bali Roadmap

The Bali Roadmap, as the breakthrough on intergovernmental negotiation of climate change mitigation, having brought United States on track, is still a result of compromises. The major compromises of the Bali Roadmap are centered around three issues of quantifying emission reduction targets, developing countries＇ obligations as well as quantifying developed countries＇ financial assistance in developing countries＇ capacity building on climate change. It is found that the rationalities behind these compromises are the national interests. Due to the fact, achieving cohesion among all nations in climate change actions is very difficult. Therefore, the Bali Roadmap may lead to a tough way with distant hope. However, technology innovation and well-designed economic instruments would be helpful and supportive for further international negotiation and cooperation.     

高层建筑防排烟设计初探

随着我国城市建筑高层化、大型化、多功能化的蓬勃发展,在高层建筑中由于火患引起的危害也大大增加.高层建筑功能复杂,着火源和可燃物较多,一旦发生火灾,将使火势迅速蔓延,极易造成较大的损失及伤亡事故.本文初步介绍了高层建筑火灾特点,分析了影响防排烟系统的主要因素,并对高层建筑防排烟方面的问题进行了系统设计.     

中国民航业中长期碳排放预测与技术减排潜力分析

基于LEAP构建自下而上的中国民航业能源系统模型,设置冻结、现有政策、力度、替代和革命五组情景,深入分析民航业的驱动因子和发展趋势,探讨中国民航业中长期低碳发展的技术路径.结果显示,预计2060年左右人均乘机次数翻两番,突破2人次,冻结情景下2060年会带来高达6.9亿t的碳排放.力度情景下,民航业碳排放有望在2044年左右达峰,峰值水平控制在3亿t左右,40年累积减排近50%,仅需增加约1万亿人民币的成本.稳步推进机队更新换代,加快基础设施提升和运营操作改进,发展可持续航空燃料是民航业必须依赖的减排手段,分别能带来44.1%、29.5%和26.4%的减排量.因此,民航业要尽早制定行业"双碳"目标和实施路径计划,中短期统筹推进空域改革、空中交通管理和航司精细化管理,大力支持国产大飞机的发展,长期推动可持续航空燃料全产业链商业化和市场化.     

建筑供暖节能与改善环境

提高供暖技术,减少供暖能耗对节约能源与改善建筑热环境起着重要作用,本文阐述了目前我国供暖技术及耗能现状,提出在改善居住热环境前提下,面向21世纪供暖技术发展对策。     

Regional priorities for wetlands conservation in West Asia and North Africa

Though characterized by a scarcity of water, West Asia and North Africa region has a large number of wetlands of various types supporting a rich biodiversity. However, the government efforts to reverse the trend of wetlands degradation fall short of the policy goals due to various reasons. The paper outlines the priorities for wetlands conservation in the region.     

高层建筑结构在地震和风作用下的可靠度分析

作者基于等效风谱理论，给出了高层建筑结构在风荷载作用下可靠度分析的方法。在给定层间位移允许值时，对高层建筑结构在使用期限内在地震和风作用下的可靠度进行了比较研究。本文还探讨了高层建筑结构在地震和风联合作用下的可靠度问题。     

The Need for Integrated Linkages and Long-Term Monitoring of Mercury in Canada

A nation-wide ecosystem science network for Canada was formed in 1994. At that time, mercury was a re-emerging issue in Canada and the Coordinating Office for the networksought collaboration to assess the issue. The key mechanismsby which the network has added value in addressing this issue are: 1) Information Dissemination, the network has organised, facilitated and co-hosted a number of regional,national and international mercury events (meetings, conferences and workshops) which have served to bring theexpertise together, the network also disseminates informationon it's web page, and the Coordinating Office hosts an annualNational Science Conference; 2) Collaborative Mercury Monitoring, network partners advocated the need for a singlehemispheric mercury network which resulted in the developmentof a compatible Canada–U.S. mercury deposition network, whichmay also be expanded into Mexico, and 3) Environmental Reporting, the network has collaborated with others to reporton current mercury findings through initiatives such as the 1998 Northeast States and Eastern Canadian Mercury Study, a 1999 Mercury Case Study and is presently a partner in the University of Quebec's proposal to form a Collaborative Mercury Ecosystem Research Network in Canada.     

固相微萃取/气相色谱/质谱法研究新建建筑室内挥发性有机化合物的组成及其特征

采用Tenax/SPME富集结合GC/MS分析,对21所初装修和13所精装修新建建筑室内空气中VOCs进行测定,分别检出74种和58种污染物。对比了不同类型建筑室内VOCs组成的特征,指出了胺类物质主要来源于初装修使用的各类建筑材料中的化学填加剂;而芳香族化合物则和装修过程中使用的涂料以及胶粘剂等化工产品有关。同时对检出频度和浓度较高的组分和VOCs总量分别进行了定量,其中初装修一组和精装修一组甲苯和二甲苯浓度均值分别为115.7μg/m3和122.9μg/m33、38.2μg/m3和289.4μg/m3;苯和乙苯在两种类型的房屋中浓度变化不大,初装修一组为16.8μg/m3和60.4μg/m3,精装修一组为19.3μg/m3和73.5μg/m3;α-蒎烯在初装修一组检出频度(P<50%)和浓度水平(13.5μg/m3)均较低,在精装修一组中检出频度(P>85%)和浓度水平(61.5μg/m3)均有大幅增高;初装修一组VOCs的平均浓度为435.7μg/m3,而精装修一组平均浓度为815.9μg/m3。结果表明,精装修VOCs浓度一般比初装修VOCs浓度高2~5倍左右。