西南喀斯特山区寿竹林地土壤微生物量与酶活性在不同坡位和剖面层次的分布特征

以重庆市梁平县城东乡云佛村寿竹(Dip)林地为研究对象,分析了不同坡位[上坡(US)、中坡(MS)、下坡(BS)]和剖面[表层(0~15 cm),底层(15~30 cm)]土壤微生物量碳、氮(SMBC、SMBN)、微生物碳熵、氮熵(qMBC、qMBN)、土壤过氧化氢酶(CAT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALK)、脲酶(URE)、蔗糖酶(INV)之间的关系.结果表明,在不同坡位下,表层土壤SMBC、SMBN、qMBC、qMBN、CAT和INV表现为BS>MS>US,ALK呈BS>US>MS,URE呈MS>US>BS;底层土壤SMBC和qMBC呈MS>BS>US,SMBN、qMBN、CAT、ALK、URE和INV呈BS>MS>US.在不同土壤层次下,SMBC、SMBN、CAT、ALK、URE和INV均表现为表层>底层;qMBC和qMBN表现为底层>表层.相关分析表明,不同坡位和剖面层次土壤微生物碳氮与土壤酶活性、含水率之间均存在显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)相关.从回归分析得出的2个方程可知,SMBC随着土壤CAT和ALK的增加而增加,随着pH的增大而减小;SMBN则随着INV和ALK的增加而增加.     

柱形压力容器开口泄爆过程数值模拟研究

为研究柱形压力容器泄爆规律,采用经典流体力学软件FLUENT对典型的柱形压力容器泄爆过程进行数值模拟,分析从泄爆口开启到泄压结束时间段压力发展、火焰传播、气体流动及可燃气体浓度变化特性。结果表明:不同泄爆压力下容器内压力发展变化呈现不同特点,在较小泄爆压力情况下会出现压力再度上升的双峰现象。泄爆过程中产生的湍流沿泄爆口附近容器壁拉长火焰面,并加快燃烧速率。同时就容器内不同点火位置对爆炸强度影响进行研究,得出在泄爆压力为0.04 MPa时,底面点火对本柱形压力容器产生的最大升压速率约为中心点火最大升压速率的1.4倍。     

阳极位置对新型ABR-BEF系统处理性能及微生物群落的影响

研究了阳极所处位置对新型厌氧折流板-生物电Fenton（ABR-BEF）系统处理中药废水效能与产电能力的影响,并对各格室污泥的疏松胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）及紧密胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）组分情况进行了分析,继而通过高通量测序技术对系统中微生物群落演替进行了探讨.结果表明,当将阳极电极位置由系统的第4格室调整到第3、第2格室后,由于阳极与阴极距离的增大,COD平均去除率由原来的90%分别下降到70%和65%;输出电压由149.8mV降至95.3mV、50.0mV左右,同时最大功率密度由76.78mW/m³减少到55.57mW/m³和52.87mW/m³;但阴极室对邻苯二酚的降解率仍保持在95%左右.改变阳极位置后LB-EPS、TB-EPS中蛋白质含量均下降,TB-EPS尤为明显;而对于多糖而言,阳极在第3号格室时,各组分多糖含量最高.阳极位置由第4格室改为第2格室后,第1到第4格室甲烷丝状菌属（Methanothrix）所占比例分别增大到71.09%、72.47%、58.03%和76.79%;在总细菌纲水平上产电菌所属的d变形菌纲（Deltaproteobacteria）在第1到第4格室中分别减少了2.54%、6.06%、4.40%和4.87%,阳极与阴极距离的增大使得产电菌数量减少,这成为该系统产电能力下降的重要原因.     

基于布朗运动的自由飞行下碰撞风险研究

自由飞行是解决空域拥挤的有效方式,为保证飞行安全,对自由飞行下的碰撞风险进行研究。首先,假设自由飞行下飞机的定位误差服从正态分布,在平面直角坐标系内,建立2架飞机水平投影面和垂直投影面的随机运动学模型;其次,当2架飞机在2个投影面上的相对运动距离同时小于最小安全间隔时认为碰撞发生,据此建立飞行碰撞风险模型,并利用欧拉(Euler)方法求解;最后,通过Matlab对一算例进行计算,得出碰撞风险概率。将计算结果与实际安全目标等级对比,验证该模型的合理性。     

基于UWB定位的变电站作业安全监控技术研究

UWB定位技术具备较高的定位精度,在未来电力安全生产中将得到广泛应用。简 要描述了UWB定位的原理,对比了各类无线定位技术,分析了变电站作业安全监控中的 定位精度需求,确定了UWB定位技术在变电站应用的可行性;在此基础上,以某个500kV 变电站为例,建立了基于UWB定位的变电站作业监控测试环境,并对变电站典型作业场 景进行了测试,根据测试数据,分析了在变电站环境影响UWB定位精度的主要原因;最 后总结了在变电站作业安全监控场景应用UWB定位技术需要解决的关键问题。     

铁电陶瓷自动变光焊接面罩的研制

铁电陶瓷是一种具有优良电控双折射效应的高科技材料。把铁电陶瓷及相关的技术应用于自动变光焊接面罩是一种创新。本文介绍了铁电陶瓷自动变光焊接面罩的工作原理、研制过程、技术关键和解决方法以厦产品的技术性能．同时也对此项成果下一步的产品化提出了技术改进的建议。     

Factors influencing mercury accumulation in three species of forage fish from Caddo Lake, Texas, USA

Most studies that have examined mercury (Hg) contamination of fish have focused on game species feeding near the top of the food web, while studies that examine forage fish that feed near the base of the food web are rare. We conducted a survey of Hg contamination in three species of forage fish, brook silverside (Labidesthes sicculus), threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), from Caddo Lake, Texas, USA and found species-specific differences in Hg concentrations. We examined total length, age, trophic position (determined using δ15N), and growth rate of forage fish as factors that could have influenced within-and between-species differences in Hg concentration. Total length and age were the best predictors of within-species differences in Hg concentration. Between-species differences in Hg concentrations were most strongly influenced by trophic position.     

Mercury contamination and accumulation in sediments of the East China Sea

Mercury (Hg) concentrations in sediment samples collected from the inner and middle shelves of the East China Sea (ECS) were analyzed to evaluate Hg contamination levels and to calculate Hg sedimentation rates and total accumulation in the ECS. The range of Hg concentrations in surface sediments of the inner shelf was 26.5–47.6 ng/g, and that for the middle shelf was 4.1–13.9 ng/g. Hg concentrations correlated well with organic carbon contents but varied inversely with sediment grain size. Enrichment factors indicated that the whole inner shelf and a small portion of the middle shelf were slightly contaminated by Hg. Hg accumulation rates in the ECS ranged between 0.42–48.7 ng/(cm2·yr), with higher values observed in the inner shelf. Total Hg accumulation in the calculated area (accounting for 80% of the ECS continental shelf area) ranged from 25 to 30 tons/yr; approximately 51% and 17% of the accumulated Hg mass was deposited in the Yangtze estuarine zone and the inner shelf, respectively.     

Sex allocation in a monomorphic seabird with a single-egg clutch: test of the environment, mate quality, and female condition hypotheses

Sex allocation theory posits that mothers should preferentially invest in sons when environmental conditions are favorable for breeding, their mates are of high quality, or they are in good body condition. We tested these three hypotheses in rhinoceros auklets (Cerorhinca monocerata), monomorphic seabirds that lay a single-egg clutch, in 2 years that differed in environmental conditions for breeding. Results supported the environment and mate quality hypotheses, but these effects were interactive: offspring sex was independent of paternal traits in the poor year for breeding, while females mated to larger and more ornamented males reared more sons in the better year. Conversely, offspring sex was unrelated to female condition, as indexed by hatching date. We propose that good rearing conditions enable females to rear sons possessing the desirable phenotypic attributes of their mates. Results also supported two critical assumptions of sex allocation theory: (1) dimorphism in offspring condition at independence: daughters fledged with higher baseline levels of corticosterone than sons and (2) differential costs of rearing sons versus daughters: mothers rearing sons when environmental conditions were poor completed parental care in poorer condition than mothers rearing daughters in the same year and mothers rearing either sex when conditions were better. These novel results may help to explain the disparate results of previous studies of avian sex allocation.     

Resource defense polygyny shifts to female defense polygyny over the course of the reproductive season of a Neotropical harvestman

Although studies classify the polygynous mating system of a given species into female defense polygyny (FDP) or resource defense polygyny (RDP), the boundary between these two categories is often slight. Males of some species may even shift between these two types of polygyny in response to temporal variation in social and environmental conditions. Here, we examine the mating system of the Neotropical harvestman Acutisoma proximum and, in order to assess if mate acquisition in males corresponds to FDP or RDP, we tested four contrasting predictions derived from the mating system theory. At the beginning of the reproductive season, males fight with other males for the possession of territories on the vegetation where females will later oviposit, as expected in RDP. Females present a marked preference for specific host plant species, and males establish their territories in areas where these host plants are specially abundant, which is also expected in RDP. Later in the reproductive season, males reduce their patrolling activity and focus on defending individual females that are ovipositing inside their territories, as what occurs in FDP. This is the first described case of an arachnid that exhibits a shift in mating system over the reproductive season, revealing that we should be cautious when defining the mating system of a species based on few observations concentrated in a brief period. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.