石油资源流动空间结构的要素解析

石油资源横向流动是以源地、汇地、中转交流地及其间的运输通道为构架的资源空间运移系统,具有显著的空间特征。为解决现有的资源流动空间结构研究中,研究对象及其内涵各异,且相互不成体系的问题,论文以石油资源横向流动为例,借鉴哈格特的空间结构认知模式,将石油资源流动的空间结构系统地解析为流动节点、流动关系、通道网络和流场四大要素,并分别对其空间内涵、特征、意义以及研究重点与相应方法进行分析,进而探讨了其对于资源流动机制与流动优化研究的促进作用,从而使得石油资源流动空间结构的研究体系更加系统、严密,并可为其他资源的流动研究提供借鉴。     

Toxic elements in well water from Malaysia

Toxic elements present in well water that is used for drinking pose a threat to the human health in many countries. However, there are few reports on the toxic elements in well water in Malaysia. Since a native doctor informed us about the increasing number of patients with depigmented skin (vitiligo) in Rosob Village, Sabah State, Malaysia, the origin of diseases associated with well water was suspected. Thus, the concentrations of 15 toxic elements in 52 well water samples from Rosob (n = 21), and the control areas of Pitas (n = 8) and Telaga (n = 23) within the same state were measured. No toxic elements with levels exceeding that of the WHO health-based guidelines were detected in the well water samples from Pitas and Telaga. On the other hand, the concentration levels of arsenic (As), uranium (U), and manganese (Mn), independently found in 19% (4/21), 4.8% (1/21), and 19% (4/21), respectively, of the well water samples from Rosob, exceeded the levels given in the WHO health-based guidelines. In the well water samples from Rosob, the average concentration of Mn was found to be higher and its maximum value with levels up to 10-fold higher, respectively, than the value in the WHO health-based guidelines. Significant correlations between Mn and As and between Mn and U were noted. Thus, for the first time, the results of this pilot study showed that the levels of the toxic elements in 42.9% (9/21) of well water samples from Rosob in Malaysia were higher than the values in WHO health-based guidelines indicating the need for further studies.     

油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)与细菌间的基因水平转移

油菜菌核病（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）是油菜生产上最重要的病害之一,其致病性可能来源于基因水平转移（Horizontal gene transfer,HGT）.为认识其致病原理和寻找新的真菌抑制剂的靶点,首先通过BLASTp发现其基因XM₀01585458.1编码蛋白XP₀01585508.1与细菌比对结果中出现低E值3.23e-109和高SCORE值436,暗示存在HGT现象;进一步通过系统进化树的建立,发现该蛋白在进化分枝上更接近于细菌中由Streptomyces sp.C的NZ_CM000832.1基因编码的蛋白ZP₀7291173;同时核苷酸组成分析也发现该基因与油菜菌核病菌基因组的碱基组成有较大差别,GC含量提高了14.95%.这些结果证明了XM₀01585458.1的确存在基因水平转移事件.结构分析和COG蛋白功能分类显示该HGT序列编码蛋白XP₀01585508.1具有FA58C₃（Coagulation factors 5/8 type C domain）、Kelch repeat type 1、Galactose-binding domain-like、Galactose oxidase/kelch,beta-propeller等保守结构域,应为一个膜蛋白并参与多糖代谢,推测该水平转移基因与S.sclerotiorum在侵染植物时进行细胞壁水解和致病性有关.     

螺旋形障碍物对瓦斯爆炸影响的研究

瓦斯爆炸事故给煤矿生产、国家经济发展以及人民的生命财产造成了巨大损失,因此,在置障条件下研究瓦斯爆炸特性,对预防和减少瓦斯爆炸事故具有重要意义。利用水平管道式气体爆炸实验装置,研究了螺旋形障碍物对瓦斯最大爆炸压力以及最大爆炸压力上升速率的影响。结果表明:螺旋形障碍物的存在对瓦斯爆炸的爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率有明显促进的影响,随螺旋形障碍物螺旋的增加,对最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率的激励作用越明显。     

油田单井清洁生产探讨

江苏油田某基层采油队边远单井为例,对单井实施清洁生产现状和问题进行分析,从单井采油生产地面工程配套工艺技术、清洁生产配套工艺等方面,探索单井实施清洁生产的有效措施和办法.     

纳米材料对环境抗生素抗性基因污染扩散影响的研究进展

抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)的环境扩散严重威胁了人类健康和生态安全。除抗生素滥用所产生的选择性压力以外,其他环境物质也能影响ARGs的传播。而纳米材料的广泛应用使其不可避免地在环境中扩散并进而影响ARGs的环境分布。因此,笔者综述了近年来纳米材料影响ARGs污染扩散的研究,并探讨了纳米材料对ARGs传播的影响机制,旨在深入理解ARGs的环境扩散行为,为ARGs环境控制及纳米材料非毒性环境效应的评估提供理论和技术支持。     

Work‐related stress in a humanitarian context: a qualitative investigation

There is a paucity of research on the subjective stress‐related experiences of humanitarian aid workers. Most evaluations of stress among these individuals focus on trauma and related conditions or adopt a quantitative approach. This interview‐based study explored how 58 humanitarian aid workers employed by a United Nations‐aligned organisation perceived the transactional stress process. The thematic analysis revealed eight main topics of interest: an emergency culture was found where most employees felt compelled to offer an immediate response to humanitarian needs; employees identified strongly with humanitarian goals and reported a high level of engagement; the rewards of humanitarian work were perceived as motivating and meaningful; constant change and urgent demands resulted in work overload; and managing work–life boundaries and receiving positive support from colleagues and managers helped to buffer perceived stress, work overload, and negative health outcomes. The practical implications of the results are discussed and suggestions made in the light of current research and stress theory.     

城市公路隧道火灾近火源区长度的研究

为对近火源区长度进行研究,以城市公路隧道为研究对象,采用理论分析与数值模型相结合的方法,探究了大火源功率、有效顶棚高度和火源横向位置对近火源区长度的影响,对36个工况的数值模拟和温度场变化规律的研究与分析。结果表明:火焰未撞击顶棚时,火源功率对近火源区长度几乎没有影响;当火焰持续撞击顶棚并形成水平扩展火焰时,近火源区长度受火源功率和有效顶棚高度影响较大,其无量纲形式与无量纲火源功率的2/3次方呈线性关系;随着火源与侧壁距离的减小,近火源区长度呈自然指数增加趋势;火源贴壁时,近火源区长度是火源位于隧道中部时的1.866倍;提出了近火源区长度预测模型,基本揭示了烟气由过渡阶段转入一维蔓延阶段起始位置的变化规律,能够为定量研究各阶段烟气流动特性提供参考依据。     

不同类型植物篱对长江上游坡耕地土壤养分含量及坡面分布的影响

在调查分析长江上游现有坡耕地植物篱的配置方式、生长状况和室内分析植物篱-坡耕地系统中土壤养分含量和颗粒组成的基础上,对3种坡耕地-植物篱系统中土壤养分含量及其分布特征进行了研究,结果表明：在坡耕地-植物篱系统中,植物篱能显著改善和提高植物篱带内表层土壤的养分含量,不同植物篱带内土壤有机质、全氮、水解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾平均质量分数比带间坡耕地土壤分别提高了59.1%、83.5%、56.2%、83.3%、149.6%、14.0%、153.1%,植物篱带内土壤阳离子交换量比带间坡耕地土壤提高了21.6%。植物篱带内比带间坡耕地土壤沙粒质量分数减小了9.4%,粘粒质量分数增加了21.6%,在植物篱系统中土壤粘粒质量分数与土壤养分含量在3种植物篱系统内表现出一致的规律性,自篱间坡耕地至植物篱带呈增加的趋势,至植物篱带下土壤粘粒和土壤养分含量减小。     

基于生态元核算的长江流域横向生态补偿机制及实施方案研究

长江流域生态保护目前主要采取由中央政府主导的环境规制和专项整治模式,资金主要来源于财政转移支付。这些措施见效快、力度强,但监管成本高昂,激励机制不足,并且有可能扩大不同主体功能区之间的收入差距。现有的少数横向生态补偿协议存在适用范围有限、补偿依据单一以及微观主体难以参与等问题。本文试图构建适用于更大空间尺度且涵盖多种生态服务的综合横向生态补偿模式,以建立各地区公平分担保护成本的长效机制。首先,利用生态元的核算方法构建长江流域各类生态资源的本底数据库,测算各省（区、市）生态元总量和单位面积生态元的变化情况。其次,从概念、参与主体、补偿模式和实施效果等方面探讨了创建流域生态元缓解银行的构思及其实施机制。本文认为,流域生态无缓解银行方案有助于构建适用于长江流域的市场化生态补偿机制。