Putting People on the Map through an Approach That Integrates Social Data in Conservation Planning

Conservation planning is integral to strategic and effective operations of conservation organizations. Drawing upon biological sciences, conservation planning has historically made limited use of social data. We offer an approach for integrating data on social well‐being into conservation planning that captures and places into context the spatial patterns and trends in human needs and capacities. This hierarchical approach provides a nested framework for characterizing and mapping data on social well‐being in 5 domains: economic well‐being, health, political empowerment, education, and culture. These 5 domains each have multiple attributes; each attribute may be characterized by one or more indicators. Through existing or novel data that display spatial and temporal heterogeneity in social well‐being, conservation scientists, planners, and decision makers may measure, benchmark, map, and integrate these data within conservation planning processes. Selecting indicators and integrating these data into conservation planning is an iterative, participatory process tailored to the local context and planning goals. Social well‐being data complement biophysical and threat‐oriented social data within conservation planning processes to inform decisions regarding where and how to conserve biodiversity, provide a structure for exploring socioecological relationships, and to foster adaptive management. Building upon existing conservation planning methods and insights from multiple disciplines, this approach to putting people on the map can readily merge with current planning practices to facilitate more rigorous decision making. Poner a la Gente en el Mapa por Medio de una Estrategia que Integra Información Social en la Planeación de la Conservación     

天然气管道水平定向钻穿越事故及其后果分析

水平定向钻穿越施工以其导向准确、施工周期短、综合成本低等众多优点,越来越多地被应用于天然气管道工程。本文运用故障树分析方法,对天然气管道水平定向钻穿越施工中存在的导向孔质量不合格、预扩孔失败、管道回拖失败、地面塌陷、环境污染、人员伤亡等事故及其后果进行了识别和分析,辨识出天然气管道水平定向钻穿越事故及其后果的二十一个主要影响因素,把其归纳为施工事故和管理事故两大类,并提出相应控制措施将定向钻穿越事故及其后果降低至最低水平,在天然气管道水平定向钻穿越的安全施工方面具有重要的工程应用价值和现实意义。     

某退役辐照装置储源井钢件表面沾污测量

利用物理测量及擦拭法对某退役辐照装置储源井钢件进行表面沾污测量及结果验证,结果表明,本次测量中两种方法测量结果基本一致。物理法受测量物体自身结构及尺寸的影响导致测量结果存在误差,擦拭法要保证较高的去除因子。擦拭法可对物理法测量结果进行验证。     

R134a在水平环形通道内的凝结换热性能

在空气源热泵热水器中,对水平套管冷凝器环形通道内R134a的凝结换热特性进行实验研究。在冷凝器不同进水流量、进水温度时,实验测试了水平套管冷凝器凝结换热系数随热流密度、冷凝压力及干度的变化。实验工况为:冷凝器的进水流量为0.6~1.0 m~3/h,进水温度为15~60℃。实验结果表明:水平环形通道内R134a的凝结换热系数随热流密度和冷凝压力(温度)的升高而减小,当冷凝压力为1.3 MPa,热流密度由18 k W/m2增加至20.5 k W/m~2时,R134a的凝结换热系数减小了6.9%;当热流密度为15 k W/m~2,冷凝压力由1.78 MPa增大至1.83 MPa时,R134a的凝结换热系数减小了5.8%。R134a的局部凝结换热系数随干度的增大而增大,当冷凝压力为1.1 MPa,热流密度为18.3 k W/m~2,制冷剂干度由0.1增大至0.9时,R134a的局部凝结换热系数增大了24.4%。     

高含硫化氢原油除硫技术研究与应用

针对新疆油田分公司采油一厂车89井区高含硫的问题,分别对硫化氢成因、转化机理及除硫方式进行研究,开展了化学除硫工艺技术、负压闪蒸除硫工艺技术以及催化曝气除硫工艺技术现场试验。试验结果表明:采用负压闪蒸除硫工艺、催化曝气除硫工艺及化学除硫工艺(HCS-4除硫剂加药浓度约1×104 mg/L、作用80s)处理后,可将车89井区原油中硫化氢浓度降至安全阈限值15mg/m3以下。     

急倾斜水平分层综放开采矿压显现规律

水平分层综放开采技术能够实现急倾斜厚煤层的安全高效回采。急倾斜开采工作面上覆岩层运动规律和采场矿压显现规律与缓倾斜煤层开采有显著区别。为了进一步研究急倾斜水平分层综放开采的矿压显现规律,本文以大台井-10水平3#、5#合并煤层放顶煤工作面为实验研究内容,提出-10水平石炭纪急倾斜近距离煤层联合开采的方案,应用相似试验和数值研究采用联合放顶煤开采条件下,3#、5#煤层在开采过程中的放煤规律、矿压显现情况、以及围岩等破坏的一般规律,揭示了第一分层和第二分时岩层垮落状态及应力分布特征,本文研究成果提高了煤炭的回采率,保证了安全条件下的高效开采,对指导合理支护参数的确定和现场工程实践具有一定的指导意义。     

油田洗井污水车载式处理技术的研究与应用

本污水处理装置能够有效处理油田注水洗井过程中排放的含油污水。利用车载式污水处理技术研究成果，对传统的注水井洗井污水排放土油池的流程进行了改进，在装置内进行除砂、除油、沉降、过滤后，进行循环使用，使洗井污水处理回收效果得到了明显的改善，实现了污油、污水不落地，达到了节约资源、保护环境的目的，并在实践中得到了一些有益的经验，供其他油田借鉴。     

长江Ⅰ级阶地某深基坑地下水控制分析

对于地处长江I级阶地的深基坑工程而言,由于其地层软弱、水文地质条件复杂、周边建筑密集等原因,地下水的有效控制成为基坑开挖成败的关键。本文以位于湖北荆州市繁华中心城区的地下商业城某深基坑工程为例,通过理论分析和经验判断,提出采用竖向隔水帷幕+深井降水的综合方案来控制深基坑地下水问题,即在弱透水层的潜水和承压水采用在支护桩之间施打高压旋喷桩形成竖向隔水帷幕,在强透水层的承压水采用井管降水的方法来控制基坑地下水,但降水井的深度要适当。经过工程实践验证表明,弱透水层的潜水、承压水的处置措施得当,可为富水复杂环境地质条件下的深基坑工程的设计与施工提供借鉴。     

ESTIMATING AQUIFER PARAMETERS FROM A HORIZONTAL WELL PUMPING TEST IN AN UNCONFINED AQUIFER1

ABSTRACT: A pumping test on a phreatic glacial till aquifer was performed near Ames, Iowa, in November 1990. The head in a horizontal well was pumped down rapidly and then held constant for the duration of the 30-hour test. Throughout the test, the flow rate at the pumped well and the head at an adjacent vertical observation well were recorded. The pumping test data were used to determine the hydraulic conductivity and specific yield of the aquifer. The results indicate a hydraulic conductivity of 2.23 × 10^?5 cm/s and a representative specific yield of 0.03. Hydraulic conductivity was calculated by a simple integration of Darcy's Law after extrapolating the data to steady state. Specific yield was determined by use of several methods from the literature and a new method proposed by the author. The results show that specific yield increases with time, and that each method is within an order of magnitude of the others.     

不同香蒲预处理方式对水平潜流人工湿地脱氮的强化效果

针对水平潜流湿地脱氮过程中后端碳源不足导致反硝化脱氮效果不佳的问题,对湿地植物香蒲采用简单处理、酸热处理和碱热处理这3种预处理,探讨香蒲在不同预处理条件下静态释放规律和反硝化特性,基于碳源稳定释放特性及反硝化特性优选碱热处理香蒲作为人工湿地实验系统补给碳源,研究其对水平潜流人工湿地脱氮的强化效果.结果表明,香蒲不同预处理方式导致乙酸释放存在差异,造成碳源静态释放量存在明显差异,3种香蒲处理方式的平均COD释放量为碱热处理(89. 57 mg·L-1)酸热处理(67. 27 mg·L-1)简单处理(54. 45 mg·L-1).碱热处理香蒲硝氮去除率为75. 2%,明显高于酸热处理(67. 2%)和简单处理(23. 5%).水平潜流人工湿地中段投加碱热处理香蒲,能明显提高湿地脱氮效果,TN平均去除率对比空白对照湿地提高30. 3%,同时系统出水COD浓度不会显著提高,还能有效提高系统对污水中磷的去除效果,除磷效果相比空白组提高33. 9%.