试压堵塞器在降低井控安全风险中的应用

文章结合大港油田井下作业现场特点,通过研究井控装置FZ18-35防喷器在试压过程中存在的"原试压堵塞器不适合350型采油树井口四通"的具体问题,改进研制适合FZ18-35防喷器与350型采油树井口四通配套的ST18-35试压堵塞器来解决井控装置的现场试压问题,确保现场井控装置的完好,有效降低井控风险以及井喷事故污染环境的风险。     

Pesticide concentration variations correlated with well bore volume removal in shallow coastal plain ground water

Abstract

The effects of well bore volume removal (V_n) on the concentration of alachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2,6‐diethylphenyl)‐N‐(methoxy methyl) acetamide] and prometon (6‐methoxy‐N,N'‐bis(1‐methylethyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine] in ground water obtained from three monitoring wells installed in the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina was investigated. Seasonal effects were also investigated by conducting the exercise in February and May. In the majority of cases, the lowest pesticide concentrations occurred in the initial well bore volume (V₁ = stagnant water). Removal of additional well bore volumes (V₂ to V₁₀) from two of the wells resulted in pesticide concentrations that did not vary substantially. This indicates that a representative aquifer sample was obtainable, in most cases from these wells, after removal of the initial well bore volume. In contrast, a third well required the purging of two well bore volumes before a stable alachlor concentration was achieved. Seasonal effects of bore volume removal vs. pesticide concentrations for the three wells were not significant (P > 0.05). It was concluded that a protocol for improved accuracy in pesticide analyses of ground water can be obtained by establishing a pesticide concentration‐purging (well bore volume) relationship for each well.     

水平潜流人工湿地处理太原市城市再生水的运行效能

以山西省太原市某污水厂的高氮低碳尾水为研究对象,开展基于3床并联的水平潜流人工湿地处理尾水的中试研究。研究结果表明,该人工湿地系统启动2个月进入稳定运行期;稳定运行期3个床体的出水水质除TN外其余指标均满足《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）中Ⅳ类水体标准,TN指标满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918．2002）中一级A标准,该湿地系统出水可直接用于补充景观用水;稳定运行期3床的植物与基质的配置更适合处理同类尾水,3个床体对各污染物的去除效果均为3床〉2床〉1床;本系统中填料对污染物处理效果的影响大于植物对污染物处理效果的影响,最优填料顺序依次为沸石、砾石和钢渣,最适植物栽种顺序为芦苇、香蒲、美人蕉、黄菖蒲和芦苇。     

采用分层采样技术对场地地下水污染物进行三维空间描述

地下水单一混合层采样所需建井及采样技术较简单,曾被广泛应用于地下水监测,但根据该技术所得地下水污染物数据进行污染场地地下水污染羽和污染程度描述,常常存在较严重的偏差。以某氯代烃污染场地为例,详细阐述了巢式监测井的建井及分层采样技术,并以该场地主要污染物氯乙烯和氯仿为例,对比了来自不同采样技术的两个主要污染物数据,证实了采用分层采样技术对污染场地地下水进行调查,具有更好的准确性和可靠性。     

潜流人工湿地对微污染河水的净化效果

为了探讨潜流人工湿地对微污染河水的净化效果,在野外条件下构建潜流人工湿地,分析了湿地中pH、氧化还原电位(ORP)和DO的进出水变化,考察了湿地中污染物的净化效果,探讨了温度对湿地净化效果的影响。各湿地进、出水DO浓度相差不大;除美人蕉湿地外,其余湿地出水pH较进水变化较小;植物湿地出水ORP较进水均有所增大。植物湿地对污染物的去除效果均优于空白湿地,且随着气温的升高,NH4+-N、TN和CODMn的去除率逐渐增加,去除率分别可达90%、50%和20%。TP去除率却未随温度发生明显变化,始终波动在30%～60%之间。相关性分析结果表明湿地中NH4+-N和TN的去除率与温度相关,较低的有机物浓度造成CODMn的去除率与温度相关性差,由于湿地对磷的去除主要以颗粒态磷(PP)为主,TP的去除与温度不相关。     

监测井在化工厂区土壤和地下水污染监测中的应用

文章分析了监测井在化工厂区土壤和地下水污染监测中的应用 ,指出对化工厂区土壤和地下水污染进行有效监测的必要性 ,并探讨化工厂区监测井的整体规划和设计。     

新疆油田气井压井液研究与回收利用

针对新疆克拉美丽气田火山岩气藏固相堵塞、滤液侵入等潜在伤害因素,研制了GCP无固相气井压井液体系。该体系具有无毒、无刺激性、可生物降解、能有效抑制粘土膨胀、低滤失、不与储层中钙、镁等二价离子反应形成无机沉淀以及低腐蚀等特点,可有效保护储层和油、套管。通过循环替液将气井钻井、完井作业使用的泥浆中固相成分和岩屑带出井筒,用过的压井液经过固相清除处理可实现回收再利用,在减少对储层环境污染的同时,降低了压井液使用成本,为在新疆油田公司大规模应用奠定了良好的基础。     

A Monitoring Network Design Procedure for Three-Dimensional (3D) Groundwater Contaminant Source Identification

Finding the location and concentration of contaminant sources is an important step in groundwater remediation and management. This discovery typically requires the solution of an inverse problem. This inverse problem can be formulated as an optimization problem where the objective function is the sum of the square of the errors between the observed and predicted values of contaminant concentration at the observation wells. Studies show that the source identification accuracy is dependent on the observation locations (i.e., network geometry) and frequency of sampling; thus, finding a set of optimal monitoring well locations is very important for characterizing the source. The objective of this study is to propose a sensitivity-based method for optimal placement of monitoring wells by incorporating two uncertainties: the source location and hydraulic conductivity. An optimality metric called D-optimality in combination with a distance metric, which tends to make monitoring locations as far apart from each other as possible, is developed for finding optimal monitoring well locations for source identification. To address uncertainty in hydraulic conductivity, an integration method of multiple well designs is proposed based on multiple hydraulic conductivity realizations. Genetic algorithm is used as a search technique for this discrete combinatorial optimization problem. This procedure was applied to a hypothetical problem based on the well-known Borden Site data in Canada. The results show that the criterion-based selection proposed in this paper provides improved source identification performance when compared to uniformly distributed placement of wells.     

生态系统调节服务价值的熵增曲面模型横向补偿方法研究

横向补偿通常多限于单要素或功能的生态系统服务补偿,如何向调节服务功能贡献区实施多要素综合补偿,仍缺少有效解决方法。本研究基于最大熵增理论本研究提出了“熵增曲面法”,构建调节服务价值扩散的曲面模型。此模型更符合生态系统物质能量流动特点,视调节服务价值为有形的正态分布曲面,曲面动态稳定的扩展状态表达了价值的对外输出。本文以梁子湖流域为例,先利用当量因子法计算出研究区各区的生态调节价值,再用上述方法对区域间调节服务价值补偿问题进行分析,并讨论了考虑环境激励的补偿优化办法。结果显示,研究区内武汉市东湖高新技术开发区（e区）应支付给武汉市江夏区（a区）、鄂州市梁子湖区（b区）、咸宁市咸安区（c区）和大冶市金牛镇（d区）,分别为303.8万元、 1866.6万元、 582.4万元、 615.2万元,共3368.0万元。该方法能明确“谁补谁、补什么、补多少”的补偿问题,对邻近区域性的调节服务补偿均可展开分析,为多要素、综合性、系统化的生态补偿方向提供了新的思路。     

零价铁对污泥厌氧消化过程中四环素抗性基因水平转移的作用影响

细菌抗药性问题已成为全球生态环境安全和人体健康领域的一个关注焦点.污水处理剩余污泥是抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）的一个重要储存库和排放源,采用荧光定量PCR方法检测分析了四环素抗性基因（TC-ARGs,包括tetA、tetC、tetG、tetM、tetO、tetW和tetX）及第一类整合子 intI1基因丰度在污泥厌氧消化过程中的变化特征,考察了不同投加量零价铁（Fe⁰）对目标基因的消长影响,初步分析了质粒DNA接合作用对TC-ARGs水平转移的作用影响,并探讨了TC-ARGs与 intI1基因之间的相关关系.结果表明,污泥厌氧消化过程对TC-ARGs和intI1基因丰度具有不同程度的削减作用,其中tetX基因丰度降幅可达2.4个数量级.Fe⁰的加入对TC-ARGs和intI1基因丰度削减不显著,并且随着Fe⁰投加量的增加,TC-ARGs和intI1基因丰度相比对照组出现逐渐升高的趋势.通过对质粒组DNA所携带的TC-ARGs基因丰度进行检测分析发现,质粒DNA接合作用对TC-ARGs的水平转移具有促进作用.相关性分析结果显示,tetG与intI1基因之间具有显著正相关关系,表明intI1基因在污泥厌氧消化过程中可能对tetG基因的演变过程具有重要影响.