农村土壤利用城市生活垃圾施肥的调查研究

对城市生活垃圾和农村利用垃圾施肥及利用垃圾养殖蚯蚓的情况作了深入的调查研究.调查结果表明城市生活垃圾在一定条件下能为农业提供良好的有机肥料,改善农村土壤结构,提高土壤中多种肥分含量.根据本地城市生活垃圾特征和土地资源情况,堆肥和填埋相结合处理城市生活垃圾不失为符合山区实际的一种方法.     

Soil Contamination by Pb, Zn and Cn from a Lead Smeltery

In the environment of a lead smeltery contamination with lead, zinc and cadmium was measured over a 15-year period. Efficient bag filters were installed in order to remove dust from the flue gases. This measure of improvement resulted in a drastic reduction of lead, zinc and cadmium content in suspended particles (by 92, 94 and 89%), to a lesser extent in depositions (by 79, 75 and 68%), whereas in household dust the reduction was considerably lower (by 53, 55 and 70%). It can be assumed that household dust contains also redispersed soil particles on which the dust from the smeltery flue gases has deposited over years. To determine to what extent contaminated soil continues to cause increased population exposure directly or through plants or pastures, in the period 1981–1985 the content of metallic ions in the soil was measured at three depths. Selective solubility of soil metallic compounds was analysed in water, in 1 mol ammoniumacetate solution and in 0.05 mol ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) solution in relation to their solubility in suspended particles, depositions and household dust. A considerably low portion of soluble metallic compounds was found in the soil and physico-chemical characteristics of the soil and portion of metallic ions bound to fulvice and humic acids were determined. The behaviour of metallic ions in contact with soil samples was studied in laboratory and it was found that approximately 50% of lead, 70% of zinc and 7% of cadmium ions change into non-soluble or poorly soluble compounds. By qualitative phase analysis in the non-soluble fraction PbO₂, Pb₃P₄O₁₃, Zn(OH)₂, ZnO, Fe₂O₃ and Cd(OH)₂ were identified.     

高校生活垃圾分类回收及资源化探讨

本文通过对高校生活垃圾组成的调查,探讨了教学区、宿舍区、食堂等区域生活垃圾的分类回收模式,并对废纸、废塑料、废金属、废电池、餐厨垃圾等资源化利用的可行性进行了分析,建议通过加强宣传工作,健全管理机制,完善资源化市场体系等途径对高校生活垃圾进行分类回收及资源化。     

中国农户耕地资源利用及效率变化的研究

根据两个时期农户资料的比较,对近1个世纪以来中国农户的耕地利用及效率变化进行了分析.农户耕地利用方面主要分析了户均耕地面积、耕地的细碎化、复种指数、种植结构及集约度等的变化;效率方面主要分析了农户的耕地生产率及农业劳动生产率的变化.结果表明,与80年前相比,目前我国农户户均耕地面积仅为当时的30%左右,但土地生产率却提高了2～4倍,农业劳动生产率提高了3倍以上.农业生物化学技术的进步及广泛应用是农业生产率提高的最重要原因.因此,我国的农业发展应该进一步重视生物化学技术的应用,重视能够保证生物化学技术得以实施的基础设施和基本条件的建设.同时,我们也应该考虑边际报酬递减规律的作用,在一些生物化学技术的边际报酬已经相当低的地区,要进行制度创新,通过规模的扩大来获得规模经济,进一步发挥机械技术的作用.     

半城市化地区家庭生活垃圾特征及低碳对策：以厦门市集美区为例

半城市化地区已成为城市化研究的热点,但其生活垃圾管理问题常被忽视.以典型半城市化地区——厦门市集美区为例,通过问卷调查与实地采样两种方法,分析不同住区家庭生活垃圾产生的特征,并通过生命周期分析法,对比混合填埋、混合堆肥、混合焚烧以及分类处理4种垃圾处理方案的温室气体排放,提出相应的垃圾管理对策.结果表明：半城市化地区可...     

北京市生活垃圾堆肥设施耗能、排污及影响因素

对北京市5座生活垃圾堆肥设施(南宫、顺义、阿苏卫、燕山、沃绿洁)开展耗能、排污研究,实地调查获取5座设施2009—2011年的耗能、排污指标数据,并分析垃圾发酵、恶臭控制、渗滤液处理3个工艺的耗能排污特征,总结各工艺及设施层次耗能排污的影响因素. 结果表明:5座设施发酵工艺年耗水量(y,103t)与年垃圾处理量(x,103t)呈线性关系,有y=0.0551x+3.0627;隧道堆肥发酵工艺的单位(t)垃圾耗电、渗滤液及残渣产量均低于间歇式动态堆肥;隧道堆肥恶臭控制工艺耗水量占厂区总耗水量的5.92%,用电量占厂区总耗电量的23.78%;渗滤液处理工艺的耗电量与ρ(COD_Cr)呈正相关(P<0.05,R=0.981),但与渗滤液处理量相关性不强. 垃圾组成及性质、工艺差别、污染物特性影响工艺耗电量及恶臭、渗滤液产生量. 完善堆肥设施各个工艺环节并进行中水回用,有利于削减设施耗能排污.      

黄淮海平原农区不同类型农户的土地利用方式选择及其环境影响——以河北省曲周县为例

以农户调查为基础,采用农户分类和方差分析等方法,对农户土地利用方式选择行为及其环境影响进行对比分析。受其兼业性、收入水平、文化素质和生产规模影响,不同类型的农户在地块尺度的土地利用方式选择存在差异:纯农业户、低收入农户的土地利用方式选择具有多元化的特征,兼业户、高收入农户、文化水平高的农户往往选择经济效益高、耗时少的土地利用方式。不同类型农户由于其土地利用方式及其肥料投入、水资源利用和秸秆处理等的不同,对土地质量和环境变化产生不同的影响。     

哈尔滨市城区居民家庭节水环境经济效益分析研究

随着城市人口增加,居民用水量不断加大,城市水资源短缺问题尤为突出,提高城市居民节水意识、推行有效节水方式势在必行.哈尔滨市属于水资源型缺水与水污染型缺水城市,缺水制约着哈尔滨市区域经济发展,节约用水在水资源永续利用和水污染物减排方面意义重大.本文以哈尔滨城区居民家庭用水为例,通过采用新的用水方式,并进行环境效益与经济效益分析,其环境效益显著、经济效益可观.建议广大城市居民借鉴、实施,缓解哈尔滨市水资源紧张现状.     

我国废旧家电及电子产品回收处理现状及对策

如何对废旧家电及电子产品进行高效收集并合理、安全处置,已成为世界各国普遍关注的问题。分析发达国家在该领域实施的措施,结合我国现状及存在的主要问题,提出建立规范的废旧家电及电子产品回收处理体系相关对策。     

Health is wealth: Concern for households’ solid waste self‐disposal practices

This study examines the challenges posed by solid waste by assessing the disposal methods practiced by residents in the Ijebu‐Ode Local Government Area (LGA) in Ogun State, Nigeria. Primary data were obtained through questionnaire administration. One out of every 10 houses was selected for sampling in six randomly selected wards of Ijebu‐Ode LGA. Three hundred and twelve questionnaires were administered on heads of households. Information elicited from the respondents covered solid waste disposal practices, the rationales behind those practices, and the respondents’ perceptions of environmental problems, including environmental health problems that could emanate from such practices. Data on environmental problems and environmental health problems measured on a 5‐point Likert scale were analyzed using Aggregate Weighted Mean Index. The computed Environmental Problem Indices (EPIs) and Environmental Health Problem Indices (EHPIs) were used to determine the severity of the respective challenges. The results established that blockage of drains with an EPI of 4.15 was a very severe environmental problem and flood hazard with an EPI of 3.55 was a severe environmental problem resulting from solid waste disposal practices. Incidence of malaria and cholera, with EHPIs of 2.85 and 2.56, respectively, were however ranked as not severe environmental health problems. The study concluded that solid waste disposal practices in Ijebu‐Ode LGA were unhygienic and unsafe, hence the need for government intervention to ensure the adoption of the necessary measures toward a safe and healthy environment.