化学防护机动卫生装备舱室空气质量与人体安全性的评价与分析

为控制和改善化学防护机动卫生装备的舱室空气质量、保证舱室内人员的安全性,构建安全性评价指标体系,运用污染损失率法对某手术方舱整体和各人员位置处空气质量进行了评价。结果表明:当舱室外HCN(氢氰酸)浓度为5 mg/L时,除左半区医生1安全性受到威胁外,其他人员安全状况良好;当舱室外HCN浓度增加到20 mg/L时,舱室内安全性程度明显下降,左半区医生1和麻醉师生命安全受到严重威胁,其他人员作业能力受到影响。污染损失率法能较好地应用于机动卫生装备舱室空气质量与人体安全性的评价与分析。     

突发性苯污染饮用水的健康风险评价

突发性环境污染事件由于具有污染物浓度高、不易察觉、常规处理难度大等特点,因此环境健康风险较高. 以饮用水受到突发性苯污染为例,模拟研究了苯随着自来水进入居民家庭后,分别通过饮用、皮肤接触和呼吸等暴露途径对人体造成的健康风险. 结果表明,3种暴露途径下,皮肤接触暴露的健康风险最高,当自来水中ρ(苯)为300.00和10.00 μg/L时,健康风险分别为4.09×10-3和1.19×10-4. 饮用暴露的健康风险最低,当自来水中ρ(苯)为300.00和10.00 μg/L时,健康风险最大值为4.61×10-6,最小值趋近于0,这主要是由于苯极易挥发,而我国居民饮用煮沸后的开水,开水中苯的残留量较低. 经过3种暴露途径进入人体的苯的日均综合暴露健康风险最大值为4.33×10-3,最小值为1.26×10-4,超过了US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)人体健康风险建议最大值(1×10-4).      

Impacts of quarrying activities on the environment and livelihood of people in Border II sub-location,Nyando sub-county,Kisumu County,Kenya

The aim of the study was to assess the impacts of quarrying activities on the environment and livelihood of people in the Border II sub-location. Primary data was collected through questionnaires, Key Informant Interviews, Focus Group Discussion, laboratory analysis and observations. Whereas, secondary data was obtained from Landsat satellite images, journals, articles, books and reports. The acquired data were analyzed using excel and Arc GIS; and presented into tables and figures. The Land use/cover change analysis from the satellite images of the area showed that quarry lands have increased by 5.2 Ha (0.26%). Quarrying activities in the area were perceived to have both positive and negative impacts on the livelihood of people and the environment. Some of the most serious environmental problems were; dust pollution (82%), noise (76%), land degradation (74%), vegetation loss (60%) and vibration (52%). Whereas, negative socioeconomic impacts were; building cracks (54%), injuries (36%), school dropouts (35%), roads damages (33%), child labor (31%) and crop effects (30%). Moreover, 45% of the area residents and 44% of the quarry workers have experienced health problems related to quarrying activities. Nevertheless, there was a significant relationship between quarrying activities and the environmental as well as human health problems in the area (p<0.05). The positive impacts identified are; employment, roads improvement, security, CSR, building materials, business opportunities, among others. To mitigate the negative impacts, the quarry operators should develop and implement an Environmental and Social management Plan, including fair compensation of the project which affect a person, relocation of near homes, environmental pollution control, public participation, scaling down blasting activities, and strict policies compliance and enforcement.     

藏东多曲河流域锶富集水化学特征及控制因素

分析高原河流地表水中锶(Sr)富集的水化学特征及其影响因素,有助于指导水资源的合理开发利用和生态环境保护.以金沙江多曲河流域地表水为例,采集地表水样品23组,综合利用相关分析、主成分分析、Gibbs模型和离子比等方法,分析该区地表水中Sr²⁺富集的水化学特征及控制因素,识别主要离子的物质来源.结果表明,多曲河流域地表水阳离子主要以Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺为主,阴离子以HCO₃^-为主.该流域水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型为主,其次为HCO₃-Ca·Mg型.主成分分析揭示了影响多曲河水质演化的3个主成分因子,碳酸盐岩风化溶解是控制多曲河水化学组成的主要因素.ρ(Sr²⁺)超过0.40 mg·L^-1的富Sr水点占样品总量的30.43%.区内分布的闪长岩及花岗岩为多曲河流域Sr²⁺富集提供了物质基础.Sr²⁺与Ca²⁺相关性较高,二者存在伴生...     

中国生态环境质量与人类活动耦合机制及其影响因子

在可持续发展大背景下,深入探究中国生态环境质量与人类活动耦合机制并明确其影响因子,可为未来中国实现可持续发展目标提供一定的科学参考.运用趋势分析、耦合协调度、LMDI模型和最优参数地理探测器模型对中国生态环境质量与人类活动耦合机制进行探究和评价.结果发现:①在研究期间,中国耦合协调度、人类活动和生态环境质量均为增长趋势.人类活动和耦合协调度在空间上以胡焕庸线为界,呈现“东高西低”的分异规律.生态环境质量则表现出“南高北低”分异规律.②中国耦合协调类型转化的整体趋势为由低级向更高级的耦合协调类型转移.③基于最优参数地理探测器和LMDI模型分别发现,胡焕庸线以东绝大部分省区的耦合协调度其主导因子分别为社会经济因子和综合协调指数,该线以西绝大部分省区的耦合协调度主导因子分别为自然环境因子和耦合度.④评价人类活动变化对生态环境质量的影响,发现胡焕庸线以东主要为有利开发和有效保护类型,胡焕庸线以西主要为破坏开发和无效保护类型.胡焕庸线东西两侧地区应分别根据当地影响耦合协调度的先决条件以及人类活动和生态环境质量的相对关系,因地制宜选择优先发展地区,积极调整发展策略,走向生态环境质量与人类活动高级协调发展的可持续发展道路.     

Relationships between Human Disturbance and Wildlife Land Use in Urban Habitat Fragments

Abstract: Habitat remnants in urbanized areas typically conserve biodiversity and serve the recreation and urban open‐space needs of human populations. Nevertheless, these goals can be in conflict if human activity negatively affects wildlife. Hence, when considering habitat remnants as conservation refuges it is crucial to understand how human activities and land uses affect wildlife use of those and adjacent areas. We used tracking data (animal tracks and den or bed sites) on 10 animal species and information on human activity and environmental factors associated with anthropogenic disturbance in 12 habitat fragments across San Diego County, California, to examine the relationships among habitat fragment characteristics, human activity, and wildlife presence. There were no significant correlations of species presence and abundance with percent plant cover for all species or with different land‐use intensities for all species, except the opossum (Didelphis virginiana), which preferred areas with intensive development. Woodrats (Neotoma spp.) and cougars (Puma concolor) were associated significantly and positively and significantly and negatively, respectively, with the presence and prominence of utilities. Woodrats were also negatively associated with the presence of horses. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and coyotes (Canis latrans) were associated significantly and negatively and significantly and positively, respectively, with plant bulk and permanence. Cougars and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) were negatively associated with the presence of roads. Roadrunners (Geococcyx californianus) were positively associated with litter. The only species that had no significant correlations with any of the environmental variables were black‐tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Bobcat tracks were observed more often than gray foxes in the study area and bobcats correlated significantly only with water availability, contrasting with results from other studies. Our results appear to indicate that maintenance of habitat fragments in urban areas is of conservation benefit to some animal species, despite human activity and disturbance, as long as the fragments are large.     

净初级生产力的人类占用:一种衡量区域可持续发展的新方法

可持续发展的生态评估是当前国际生态经济学与可持续发展研究的前沿问题之一,净初级生产力的人类占用从生态系统初级生产力的角度可以定量评估一个国家或地区发展的生态持续性程度,是近年来国际上一种重要的生物物理量衡量方法。论文简要介绍了净初级生产力人类占用的基本理论与核算方法,分析了该方法应用于区域可持续发展生态评估的基本原理。综合国外相关研究的最新进展,研究认为,定量表征区域可持续发展的生态上限是净初级生产力人类占用方法的最大优点,而该方法应用于区域可持续发展生态评估的不足之处则主要表现在关键参数的不确定性、可持续性的评价阈值、研究数据的缺乏和生物量进出口问题等4方面。     

一种部分碳税机制的经济分析

基于目前全球气候变化谈判的困境提出一种部分碳税机制,这种机制与1997年12月缔约国大会第三次会议所形成的京都议定书第12条确立的清洁发展机制（CDM）的雏形清洁发展基金（CDF）有相似的特征,即要求附件Ｉ缔约方为实现公约的目的和体现公约有区别的责任原则,通过实行统一的税收机制并将税收收入转移到发展中国家作为他们在历史过程中过多排放温室气体的自然债务的补偿     

北京市某废弃化工厂的人类健康风险评价

由于北京城市化速度的加快,五环路内的工厂将陆续搬迁,搬迁后的土地,使用功能将发生根本性变化,由于修复成本较高,是否对受污染土地进行修复,需要借助健康风险评价,以便确保人们的健康安全.运用美国的健康风险评价框架,对北京市某废弃化工厂场地进行了健康风险分析,计算了将该废弃场地用作居住用地对人类的健康风险指数及确定是否需要进行修复.在场地内,分2次进行了3层土壤采样,共采集到80个样品.选取Cr、Zn、Ni、Pb、Hg、Cu、As、Cd、DDT、六六六(HCH)和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DP)11种超标污染物作为目标污染物,对其进行健康风险评价.按照美国EPA的方法,选取了95%置信上限含量进行风险指数的计算.评价结果显示,该场地成人的非致癌风险指数为15.85,儿童的非致癌风险指数为18.17,均超过了非致癌风险指数可接受值1.0,表明该化工厂场地对成人和儿童均有非致癌风险;对成人,邻苯二甲酸二辛酯的致癌风险指数为不可接受值(>1×10-4),对儿童,邻苯二甲酸二辛脂和DDT的致癌风险为不可接受值(>1×10-4),其它污染物的致癌风险均在可接受范围之内.由于案例中的场地将被用作居住用地,建议对该场地进行部分修复.     

微囊藻毒素-LR通过线粒体途径诱导人支气管上皮细胞凋亡

探讨线粒体Caspase依赖性途径是否参与微囊藻毒素-LR(microcystin-LR,MC-LR)诱导人支气管上皮细胞(human bronchial epithelial cells,16HBE)凋亡过程。将处于对数生长期的16HBE分别暴露于终浓度为0(对照组)、2.5、5、10μg·m L-1的微囊藻毒素-LR和10μg·m L-1MC-LR+50μmol·L-1Caspase广谱抑制剂Z-VAD-FMK,持续24 h和48 h。检测细胞凋亡率,线粒体跨膜电位(ΔΨm),Caspase-3和Caspase-9相对表达量。结果显示,与对照组相比,各浓度染毒组细胞凋亡率和Caspase-3、Caspase-9相对表达量均升高,10μg·m L-1MC-LR染毒组线粒体膜电位降低;与10μg·m L-1MC-LR组相比,10μg·m L-1MCLR+50μmol·L-1Z-VAD-FMK组细胞凋亡率明显降低,Caspase-3和Caspase-9相对表达量降低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。且随着MC-LR染毒浓度的升高或染毒时间的延长,16HBE细胞凋亡率和Caspase-3、Caspase-9相对表达量呈升高趋势。研究表明,MC-LR可以通过线粒体Caspase依赖性途径诱导16HBE细胞凋亡。