Human exposure to heavy metals and possible public health risks via consumption of wild edible mushrooms from Slovak Paradise National Park,Slovakia

The contamination level of 92 samples (12 species) of wild edible mushrooms and underlying substrates with heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn) in the Slovak Paradise National Park that borders with a region of historical mining and processing of polymetallic ores, were determined. The collected samples were analyzed using of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The metals were determined separately in hymenophore (H) and rest of fruit bodies (RFB). Bioaccumulation factor as well as ratio of metal content in H and RFB were calculated. Cadmium and lead contents in hymenophore exceeded statutory limits of the EU (Cd: 0.5 mg/kg dry weight (dw), Pb: 1.0 mg/kg dw) for edible mushrooms in 96% and 83% of the samples, respectively. The risk from the consumption of the collected mushroom species was calculated based on the provisionally tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) values, and the highest health risk arising with consumption of particularly Macrolepiota procera, Marasmius oreades and Russula vesca from the observed area was demonstrated. It was shown that average weekly consumption of tested mushrooms species results the threat of exceeding of PTWI limits in the case of cadmium values (by 164%, 86% and 4% of PTWI for M. oreades, R. vesca and R. puellaris, respectively) and of mercury (by 96% of PTWI for M. procera) but not lead.     

The synthetic pyrethroid isomers II. Biological activity

Abstract

Pure optical isomers of phenothrin, permethin and cypermethrin were synthesised and tested on a wide spectrum of insects (Blattella germanica, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Tribolium confusum, Oncopeltus fasciatus, Musca domestica, Aedes aegypti). Our results suggest that in the structurally related series phenothrin, permethrin and cypermethrin the chemical modifications had only a small influence on intrinsic activity of the compounds at the target site. The activity of piperonylbutoxide synergised 1Rtrans phenothrin and 1Rcis permethrin (LD₅₀=1.2 ng/fly in both cases) is in a similar range to the most active 1RcisS cypermethrin isomer alone or with PB (LD₅₀=0.9 and 0.4 ng/fly, respectively). Some cypermethrin isomers considered previously to be totally inactive show significant activity depending on the tested insect species. The 1ReisR and 1RtransR isomers proved to be as active as the most potent isomers on mosquito. A similarly unexpected result was that in the case of mosquito all four trans isomers were significantly more active than the corresponding eis isomers.

The superiority of the (S)‐α configuration over (R)‐α was found. It does not result from a higher intrinsic activity at the target site, but rather from the enhanced metabolic resistance of (S)‐α‐esters to ester cleavage as confirmed by Synergist studies. The activity of the two most potent stereoisomers, 1ReisS and 1RtransS, could not be elevated by quinalphos, while the inactive 1ScisR and 1StransR isomers showed significant activity with the esterase inhibitor quinalphos administered sublethally.

In contrast with the antagonism between (S)‐ and (R)‐α‐epimers of cypermethrin reported earlier a considerable synergism was observed between 1RtransS and 1StransR enantiomer pair on flour beetle and housefly in tarsal contact tests.

The results with stereoisomers and their mixtures were utilised in the development of two new products, Chinmix (beta‐cypermetrhin) and Transmix (theta‐cypermetrhin).     

海运人为失误原因及对策分析

安全是海上交通永恒的话题。海上交通安全系统由“人-船-环境”组成,人是组成该系统的重要因素之一。在分析人为因素与人为失误的基础上,阐述了海运事故与人为失误的关系,对造成人为失误的各种影响因素进行识别与分析,并进一步从安全管理、安全教育和安全技术三个方面提出了海运中人为失误的预防对策,以期为船舶及航运公司评估船员安全操作水平和船员队伍安全质量提供理论依据,进而达到降低人为失误发生率、降低海运事故发生率、提高航海安全的目的。     

人为差错成因分析方法研究

控制甚至消除人为差错成因能从本质上降低人为差错的发生概率,从而提高系统安全性。因此,辨识和分析人为差错成因是一件非常必要而又十分重要的工作。针对该问题,在总结和分析现有的人为差错成因分析方法的基础上,提出了一种新的人为差错成因分析框架。在该框架中,将差错成因分为"操作者-系统-任务-环境-组织因素"5个方面进行分析,并提出了"从大类到小类"的层次化分析原则。为了尽量降低不同差错成因之间的关联,提出了以任务为中心,将差错成因分为任务相关和任务无关两大类因子的分类方式。最终共分析得出了34种不同的差错成因。该差错成因分类框架的提出,为人为差错概率量化以及差错规避措施的设计提供了依据。     

基于哈默“人的差错理论”的道路交通安全研究

以道路交通安全系统为背景,人的差错为研究方向,运用"哈默"人的差错分类理论,从机动车驾驶员和非机动车驾驶员、乘客及行人两种人群的差错角度,对2004—2006年3年间我国交通事故发生率和死亡人数进行较有针对性的分析归类和研究,进而分别提出基于主动性和被动性两方面的交通事故人因预防措施。通过"哈默"全新的分类方法,全面分析交通行为中人的差错类型,为道路交通事故预防体系的研究、建立以及进一步的发展,提供了有参考价值的基于人的行为机理的理论依据和合理化建议。     

人因失误与人不安全行为相关原理的分析与探讨

从人因失误的机理、分类和特点等方面,对人因失误与人不安全行为间的相关原理进行系统的对比分析与探讨,笔者认为,应从安全教育、技术培训、人机系统设计等方面预防人因失误,从建立和维持操作者对安全工作的兴趣、作业标准化、安全管理等方面来控制人的不安全行为。以煤矿斜井提升事故为例,说明人因失误与人不安全行为的判定原则和方法,从而为预防、控制人因事故提供理论依据。     

自动扶梯运行方式对地铁站台人员安全疏散的影响

地铁车站站台人员密集,客流量大,在火灾等应急条件下对人员安全疏散有较高的要求.目前自动扶梯在地铁车站中大量应用,其运行方式(上行、下行、停运、反转)对地铁车站内人员安全疏散有较大影响.利用人员疏散网络模拟软件EVACNT7对某地铁站台层人员向站厅层疏散进行数值模拟,研究了当自动扶梯正常上行时的输送能力,并与不同人流条件下的楼梯的输送能力进行了对比,得到动态折算系数.同时也研究了当自动扶梯停运作为疏散通道使用时的输送能力,并与人流条件优化时的疏散楼梯输送能力进行了对比得到静态折算系数.还研究了下行的自动扶梯在火灾等应急条件下反转上行以降低人员疏散时间,并给出了一种下行自动扶梯反转最迟完成时间的计算方法.研究工作可以为同类地铁站台人员安全疏散设计和应急预案制定提供参考.     

基于元胞自动机的弱视条件下群体疏散的仿真研究

根据人在弱视情况下的行为特征,建立基于元胞自动机的逃生模型,对弱视情况下的人群疏散进行了模拟。模拟过程中考虑了人的学习能力及人与人之间的相互作用等因素,模型加入吸引子使模拟人的疏散行为更为灵活。基于人能通过熟悉周围环境作出合理判断的学习能力,引入了"积累步长"的概念,使人的沟通判断能力(走过的路径、边界和出口位置通过交流能够获取)在模型中得到体现。获取足够信息的人可以避免多余的寻找,降低了逃生时间,体现了"人多力量大"的互助行为。通过大量的模拟实验,并讨论不同的环境条件对人群疏散的影响。     

Sustainable Exploitation of Borassus aethiopum, Elaeis guineensis and Raphia hookeri for the Extraction of Palm Wine in Côte d'Ivoire

In the rural areas of developing countries palms are major sources of many products. One of these is palm wine, which has an important role for nutrition, income and social life. In the Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa), palm wine is extracted from three different species: Borassus aethiopum Mart., Raphia hookeri Mann & Wendland and Elaeis guineensis Jacq. As the extraction methods are destructive, palm stands are locally threatened by extinction. This could have serious consequences not only for the nutritional situation of the population but also for their income. Field visits were conducted in order to assess the degree of sustainability of palm wine extraction in eight villages of Côte d'Ivoire's three major agro-ecozones. Based on the annual palm wine need for consumption and commercialisation and on the availability of palms, a sustainability index was calculated for each palm species in each village. The occurrence of palm trees depends on the vegetation type. B. aethiopum is a typical savanna tree (> 20 palms per hectare) and is almost absent in other vegetation types. In 75% of the villages the exploitation of B. aethiopum is not sustainable. The preferred vegetation type for R. hookeri is the forest along the rivers (> 33 palms per hectare) compared to the other vegetation types of the forest zone (< 5 palms per hectare). Due to the high preference for the palm wine of this species its exploitation is not sustainable in any of the selected villages. The distribution of E. guineensis depends mostly on human activities, the main vegetation types being plantations (34 palms per hectare), fallow land and cultivated fields (15 palms per hectare) and the forest along the rivers (31 palms per hectare). The exploitation of this species is in general sustainable throughout all ecozones with some rare exceptions.     

工业企业场地再开发的多部门联合监管机制探讨

工业企业关停搬迁场地由于地理位置优越,再开发需求强烈。直接开发未经治理修复的污染场地,所带来的环境安全、健康风险和社会风险隐患相当突出,必须高度重视。从场地再开发流程分析入手,分析了从企业搬迁到场地再开发利用过程中不同环节存在的环境风险及其涉及的相应监管部门。在此基础上,提出了基于搬迁、流转、流转后三阶段划分的涉及工业和信息化、国土资源、住房和城乡建设、环境保护等多部门的全过程环境风险防控机制,可为中国建立有效的污染场地再开发联合监管机制提供参考。