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101.
102.
金雀异黄酮(genistein,Gs)在水体中频繁检出,其环境行为备受关注。为深入探讨水中溶解性有机质(DOM)激发三线态敏化Gs间接光降解的机理,以3-甲氧基苯乙酮(3-MAP)、亚甲基蓝(MB)、2-萘乙酮(2-AN)和2-苯甲酮(BP)模拟DOM引发三线态光敏化反应,阐明Gs发生间接光降解活性与敏化剂性质、pH值的关系。通过光化学实验结合密度泛函理论计算发现,激发态能量高的BP或3-MAP对Gs的敏化效率低,二者虽可与Gs发生能量或电子转移敏化,但对λ290 nm的模拟太阳光吸收少,因此激发态产率低;激发态能量低的MB或2-AN对Gs的敏化效率高,且随pH升高而增强,因二者能吸收较多的模拟太阳光,激发态产率高。以MB为例,发现Gs分子形态几乎不能被光敏化降解(pH≤5); Gs由一价阴离子逐渐解离成二、三价阴离子,kin增大102倍(pH 6~12),说明Gs不同解离形态的敏化光降解活性具有显著差异。因Gs阴离子更易发生敏化光降解,因此带正电荷的MB分子比中性分子态的2-AN更易与Gs阴离子结合,表现出更高的敏化能力,相同pH (9或12)条件下,敏化光降解速率相差25~47倍。敏化剂三线态性质及pH值对Gs光敏化降解的影响机理,对于深入认识化学组成复杂的环境DOM的光化学活性具有重要意义。 相似文献
103.
本文从一个具体的试验案例缘起,有针对性的分析、讨论了某军用电子产品质量问题的出现、与实际解决办法,更重要的是本文不仅是为了解决某一产品问题,而是从质量问题的出现,进而思考到环境试验顺序对产品潜在故障的影响,起码从宏观上说明了环境试验顺序对电子产品潜在故障的析出是有影响的. 相似文献
104.
用脉冲等离子体降解有机废气,对甲苯、二甲苯的降解率达73%~91%,对二氯甲烷的降解率达82%。在实验中发现电极材料的不同会影响分解效果,其中钨电极的降解率最高。本文运用等离子体化学中放电气体电子碰撞电离和化学自由基产生的机理以及阴极电子学中带电粒子轰击电极表面激发二次电子发射的理论,通过比较不同金属电极的二次电子发射系数δ,研究电极材料对脉冲等离子体降解有机废气影响的机理,发现主要是由于不同电极材料δ值的差异引起降解率的差异,电极稳定性对降解率和电极寿命也有重要影响。在实验的三种电极材料中钨的δ值最大,其最大二次电子发射系数δm为1.4,铜其次为1.29,不锈钢最小约为1.24,这成为导致三者降解率差异的主要原因。 相似文献
105.
Cadmium (Cd) shows high toxicity to aquatic microalgae. Many studies showed that Cd inhibited activities of photosystem II (PSII) but the effects of heavy metals on photosystem I (PSI) and cyclic electron flow (CEF) were still controversial and unclear. The effects of CdCl2 on the activities of PSI, PSII and CEF in Chlorella pyrenoidosa was measured simultaneously in the present study. In presence of 200 μM of Cd, ultrastructure of some cells was strongly modified. Cd exposure led to decrease of the activities of photosynthetic oxygen evolution and respiration. PSII was more sensitive to Cd treatment than PSI. Cd treatment showed significant inhibition on the photochemical quantum yield and electron transport rate of PSII. Cd increased the quantum yield of non-light-induced non-photochemical fluorescence quenching, indicating the damage of PSII. The activity of PSI showed tolerance to Cd treatment with concentration less than 100 μM in the experiment. Linear electron flow (LEF) made significant contribution to the photochemical quantum yield of PSI of the untreated cells, but decreased with increasing Cd concentration. The contribution of CEF to the yield of PSI increased with increasing Cd concentration. The activation of CEF after exposure to Cd played an essential role for the protection of PSI. 相似文献
106.
107.
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are ubiquitous contaminants and can be considerably accumulated by natural plants. In order to elucidate the biochemical and physiological responses of plant to PCDD/Fs, tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) cells were selected as model plant and treated with time- and concentration-dependent PCDD/Fs. The toxic effect and oxidative stress caused by PCDD/Fs were evident, which could be indicted by the reduction in fresh mass, the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and the damage of tobacco cell ultrastructure. PCDD/Fs tolerance was correlated with changes in antioxidant system and hormones of tobacco cells. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) exhibited peak enzyme activities at the PCDD/Fs concentration of 1000 ng WHO98-TEQ g−1 fresh weight. Glutathione reductase (GR) enzyme activity increased monotonically at high level PCDD/Fs, but the activity of catalase (CAT) was only slightly affected at all treatment. Meanwhile, the exposure to PCDD/Fs resulted in the changes of hormones content. With the increase of exposure concentration of PCDD/Fs, the levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) increased, whereas the concentration of jasmonates (JAs) decreased. The above results suggest that tobacco cells had the ability to cope with the oxidative stress induced by low concentration of PCDD/Fs through increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and alternating plant hormones levels. However, oxidative stress and toxicity would burst out when plant cells were exposed to the high levels of PCDD/Fs. 相似文献
108.
Xiao Sun Zuojun Liu Guilong Zhang Guannan Qiu Naiqin Zhong Lifang Wu 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(12):901-907
Traditional pesticides (TP) often do not adhere tightly to crop foliage. They can easily enter the surrounding environment through precipitation and volatilization. This can result in the pollution of the surrounding soil, water, and air. To reduce pesticide pollution, we developed a loss-control pesticide (LCP) by adding attapulgite with a nano networks structure fabricated using high energy electron beam (HEEB) irradiation and hydrothermal treatment to TP. HEEB irradiation effectively dispersed originally aggregated attapulgite through modified thermal, charge, and physical effects. Hydrothermal treatment further enhanced the dispersion of attapulgite to form nano porous networks via thermal and wet expansion effects, which are beneficial for pesticide binding. An LCP has improved retention on crop leaf surfaces. It has a higher adhesion capacity, reduced leaching and volatilization, and extended residual activity compared with the TP formulation. The treatment increases the residual activity of pesticides on crop foliage and decreases environmental pollution. 相似文献
109.
Engineered silica nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) find widespread application and may lead to exposure of humans and the environment. Here we compare the effects of SiO2-NPs and SiO2-NPs doped with silver (SiO2-Ag-NPs) on survival and cellular function of human liver cells (Huh7) and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) fibroblast cells (FMH). In Huh7 cells we investigate effects on the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER), including ER stress, and interactions of nanoparticles (NPs) with metabolizing enzymes and efflux transporters. The NPs formed agglomerates/aggregates in cell culture media as revealed by SEM and TEM. SiO2 and SiO2-1% Ag-NPs were taken up into cells as demonstrated by agglomerates occurring in vesicular-like structures or freely dispersed in the cytosol. Cytotoxicity was more pronounced in Huh7 than in FMH cells, and increased with silver content in silver-doped NPs. Dissolved silver was the most significant factor for cytotoxicity. At toxic and non-cytotoxic concentrations SiO2-NPs and SiO2-1% Ag-NPs induced perturbations in the function of ER. In Huh7 cells NPs induced the unfolded protein response (UPR), or ER stress response, as demonstrated in induced expression of BiP and splicing of XBP1 mRNA, two selective markers of ER stress. Additionally, SiO2-1% Ag-NPs and AgNO3 induced reactive oxygen species. Pre-treatment of Huh7 cells with SiO2-1% Ag-NPs followed by exposure to the inducer benzo(a)pyrene caused a significant reduced induction of CYP1A activity. NPs did not alter the activity of ABC transporters. These data demonstrate for the first time that SiO2-NPs and SiO2-1% Ag-NPs result in perturbations of the ER leading to the ER stress response. This represents a novel and significant cellular signalling pathway contributing to the cytotoxicity of NPs. 相似文献
110.
The concentrations of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine insecticides were determined in bonito (Sardasarda L. 1758) and anchovy (Engraulisencrasicolus L. 1758) from the Black Sea, Turkey. Concentrations of total indicator PCBs ranged between <1-17.0 in bonito, and <1-17.5 ng/g fresh weight in anchovy, and total of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-chlorophenyl-ethane and its metabolites’ (DDTs) concentrations ranged between 13.4-26.3, and 2.96-19.0 ng/g fresh weight in bonito and anchovy respectively. PCB 52, p,p′-DDE and endosulfan (α + β) were found dominant in both of the fish species. Except endosulfan, and some DDT metabolites, none of the studied organochlorine pesticides was detected in the fish samples. Concentrations of PCBs in anchovy were found higher than those in bonito, whereas DDT and endosulfan concentrations were found similar in both of the fish species. All of the fish samples had residue concentrations below the maximum residue limits (MRL) recommended by FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. 相似文献