上海市冬季可吸入颗粒物微观形貌和粒度分布

应用高分辨率场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和图像分析技术研究了上海市区冬季(2005-01)大气可吸入颗粒物的形貌特征以及不同种类颗粒物的数量-粒度和等效体积-粒度分布.结果表明,上海市可吸入颗粒物中,矿物颗粒和烟尘集合体普遍存在,还有较多的未燃尽油滴残留颗粒;矿物颗粒有不规则状矿物颗粒、较圆滑矿物颗粒和规则长条状颗粒,烟尘集合体有链状、蓬松状等形态;矿物颗粒在数量和等效体积上平均分别占75%和64%,烟尘集合体在数量和等效体积上平均分别占25%和36%,矿物颗粒较多说明上海市冬季受扬尘影响较重;上海市区PM₁₀的粒径主要分布在较细的范围内,其数量-粒度分布和体积-粒度分布随时间有明显的变化,白天矿物颗粒、烟尘集合体的数量分布的峰值分别出现在0.1～0.3、0.2～0.3 μm;晚上2种矿物颗粒、烟尘集合体的数量分布的峰值分别出现在0.3～0.5 μm、0.4～0.6 μm,呈现晚上颗粒物粒径较大的倾向.     

用TTC与INT-电子传递体系活性表征重金属对污泥活性的影响

研究了不同浓度的Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺、Cd²⁺、Hg²⁺、Ni²⁺、Pb²⁺和Ag⁺对污泥TTC和INT 电子传递体系活性产生的影响 ,比较了这 2个参数在表征污泥活性受重金属抑制时的灵敏性 .结果表明 ,各种重金属抑制污泥TTC 电子传递体系活性的IC₅₀小于抑制INT 电子传递体系活性的IC₅₀,TTC 电子传递体系活性反映重金属毒性作用的灵敏性大于INT 电子传递体系活性 .实验的重金属离子呈现出不同的毒性作用 ,以TTC 电子传递体系活性为评价参数 ,毒性顺序为 :Hg²⁺>Cd²⁺>Cu²⁺>Ag⁺>Zn²⁺>Ni²⁺>Pb²⁺,以INT 电子传递体系活性为评价参数 ,毒性顺序为 :Hg²⁺>Ag⁺>Cu²⁺>Cd²⁺>Zn²⁺>Ni²⁺>Pb²⁺.     

Toxic effects of chlortetracycline on maize growth, reactive oxygen species generation and the antioxidant response

The toxicity of chlortetracycline (CTC) on maize (Zea mays L.) growth and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was studied. The root and shoot lengths and fresh weights of maize seedlings were inhibited by CTC treatment (p < 0.05). Root length was more sensitive than other parameters with the EC₁₀ value of 0.064 mg/L. The spin trapping technique followed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis was used to quantify the ROS production. The ROS generated in maize roots after exposure to CTC was identified as hydroxyl radical (.OH). The EPR signal intensity correlated positively with the logarithm of CTC concentrations exposed (p < 0.05). The dynamic changes of malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the antioxidative enzyme activities in maize roots were also determined. As compared to the control group, CTC was found to significantly increase MDA content. Treatment of maize roots with the.OH scavenger sodium benzoate (SB) reduced the MDA content and enhanced the antioxidative enzyme activities. The results demonstrated the harmfulness of CTC at high dose to maize in the early developmental stage, and clarified that the inducement of.OH is one of the mechanisms of CTC toxicity.     

氰化钠溶液的电子束辐照降解

研究了利用电子束辐照降解氰化钠水溶液的效果.分别考察了CN-初始浓度、溶解氧浓度、辐照剂量率对 CN-降解效果的影响.采用总有机碳(TOC)分析仪、离子色谱仪(IC)、紫外分光光度计等分析了 CN-在不同实验条件下的辐照降解产物.实验结果表明,电子束能有效降解水溶液中的 CN-,较低的 CN-初始浓度,较高的辐照剂量,较高的溶解氧浓度以及较低的辐照剂量率能够提高CN-降解效率.CN-辐照后转化为 NH3、NO3-、NO2-、碳酸盐和有机物.     

离子筛与醋酸纤维素混合超滤膜的制备及降氟性能

在超滤膜制备过程中，向铸膜液中引入亲氟物质———水合氧化镧，经熟化后制备的混合超滤膜具有分离大分子和降低水体中氟离子浓度两种功能．以含氟饮用水为研究对象，对其混合膜的降氟机理进行了探讨．     

厦门近海表层沉积物结构特征及物源初探

为研究厦门近海海域表层沉积物的结构特征、组成及来源,于2010年7月采集厦门湾表层沉积物,综合粒径分析、X射线衍射、扫描电镜等方法对沉积物进行表征。粒径分析的结果表明,沉积物的主体粒径在80μm附近,且有明显的次粒级峰,并以粗颗粒的主体粒级峰占有优势。研究的沉积物类型主要有三种,砂质粉砂、粉砂质砂和砂-粉砂,其中砂质粉砂是分布最广泛的沉积物类型区域沉积物,其含量达90%以上;而粘土含量以背景点鸡屿岛为最高,达到11.97%。X射线衍射分析表明,沉积物中优势轻矿物为石英、高岭石,部分区域含有石墨及一些零星分布的伊利石、海绿石和斜绿泥石。这些矿物组成显示了厦门湾海域表层沉积物具有较好的亲陆性,同时,其组成也受到了涨潮流的较大影响。沉积物形貌形态的研究发现,厦门湾沉积物组分较为复杂,其中含有多种藻类及其碎片(主要为硅藻)、矿物颗粒(高岭石)及未知名碎片;形状主要有孔状结构、层叠状结构、长条片状和不规则的六边形块状等。     

Phosphorus accumulation by bacteria isolated from a ontinuous-flow two-sludge system

In this article, polyphosphate-accumulating organisms （PAOs） from a lab-scale continuous-flow two-sludge system was isolated and identified, the different phosphorus accumulation characteristics of the isolates under anoxic and aerobic conditions were investigated. Two kinds of PAOs were both found in the anoxic zones of the two-sludge system, one of them utilized only oxygen as electron aeceptor, and the other one utilized either nitrate or oxygen as electron aeceptor. Of the total eight isolates, five isolates were capable of utilizing both nitrate and oxygen as electron acceptors to uptake phosphorus to some extent. And three of the five isolates showed good phosphorus accumulative capacities both under anoxic or aerobic conditions, two identified as Alcaligenes and one identified as Pseudomonas. Streptococcus was observed weak anoxic phosphorus accumulation because of its weak denitrification capacity, but it showed good phosphorus accumulation capacity under aerobic conditions. One isolates identified as Enterobacteriaceae was proved to be a special species of PAOs, which could only uptake small amounts of phosphorus under anoxic conditions, although its denitrification capacity and aerobic phosphorus accumulation capacity were excellent.     

硝酸-PPy/AQDS联合处理改善阳极性能的分析表征

阳极性能是影响微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs)性能的关键因素之一.通过吡咯聚合、蒽醌-2,6-磺酸钠盐(AQDS)掺杂以及库仑量调控将不同厚度的PPy/AQDS复合薄膜电沉积至硝酸处理的碳毡阳极上,以期整合碳毡阳极的生物亲合性、导电性及电子传递能力,同时强化阳极的这3种性能.结果表明,随着整合强度的加强,阳极性能逐步得到提升,整合阳极在阳极生物量、电导率以及交换电流密度方面优于对照组2.4~3.3倍,其中0.12 C·cm~(-2)的整合阳极表现出最高的峰值电流(2.86 m A)、最大的阳极生物量(0.44 mg·cm-2)、最大的电导率(0.33 S·cm~(-1))、最大的交换电流密度(3.65×10~(-3)A·m~(-2))以及最小的传质阻力,其对应MFC的最大功率密度达1 060.7 m W·m~(-2),是对照组的2.2倍,阳极开路电势接近-0.55V.循环伏安、电化学阻抗谱、扫描电镜和塔菲尔测试进一步揭示了PPy/AQDS复合薄膜在阳极碳纤维之间的联接、架桥作用,使得不同纤维丝之间的接触更加均匀,减小了电子在生物膜与阳极之间、阳极与外回路之间的传递阻力;同时,沉积于碳毡阳极的PPy/AQDS复合薄膜与硝酸处理后阳极表面形成的吡咯氮类官能团之间的协同作用可能是整合阳极性能提升的本质原因所在.