Comparative sorption,desorption and leaching potential of aminocyclopyrachlor and picloram

Sorption and desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor (6-amino-5-chloro-2-cyclopropylpyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid) were compared to that of the structurally similar herbicide picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) in three soils of differing origin and composition to determine if picloram data is representative of aminocyclopyrachlor behavior in soil. Aminocyclopyrachlor and picloram batch sorption data fit the Freundlich equation and was independent of concentration for aminocyclopyrachlor (1/n = 1), but not for picloram (1/n = 0.80–0.90). Freundlich sorption coefficients (K _f) for aminocyclopyrachlor were lowest in the eroded and depositional Minnesota soils (0.04 and 0.12 μmol ^(1–1/n) L^1/n kg^?1) and the highest in Molokai soil (0.31 μmol ^(1–1/n) L^1/n kg^?1). For picloram, K _f was lower in the eroded (0.28 μmol ^(1–1/n) L^1/n kg^?1) as compared to the depositional Minnesota soil (0.75 μmol ^(1–1/n) L^1/n kg^?1). Comparing soil to soil, K _f for picloram was consistently higher than those found for aminocyclopyrachlor. Desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor and picloram was hysteretic on all three soils. With regard to the theoretical leaching potential based on groundwater ubiquity score (GUS), leaching potential of both herbicides was considered to be similar. Aminocyclopyrachlor would be ranked as leacher in all three soils if t_1/2 was > 12.7 days. To be ranked as non-leacher in all three soils, aminocyclopyrachlor t_1/2 would have to be <3.3 days. Calculated half-life that would rank picloram as leacher was calculated to be ～15.6 d. Using the current information for aminocycloprachlor, or using picloram data as representative of aminocycloprachlor behavior, scientists can now more accurately predict the potential for offsite transport of aminocycloprachlor.     

Adsorption‐desorption hysteresis of α‐endosulfan in tropical soils using isotopic techniques

This study was designed to evaluate the adsorption‐desorption hysteresis of endosulfan (1,2,3,4, 7,7‐hexachlorobicyclo[2,2,1]‐2‐heptene‐5,6‐bisoxymethylene sulfite) in selected tropical soils. Two major tropical soils from Thailand were selected, Rangsit lowland soils (Rangsit series) and Phrabat upland soils (Pakchong series). The soil types were sub‐divided into plow soils, 0–20cm depth from the surface, and subsoils, 20–40cm depth. Adsorption was determined in 24h batch equilibrium, with five different concentrations of ¹⁴C endosulfan ranging from 1.04 to 16.64 ng/mg soils. Four successive desorption studies were performed continuously after three adsorption concentrations, 24h for each successive. Adsorption coefficient values (K _ads) as determined by Freundlich model ranged from 0.02 to 0.14 and found to be higher in Rangsit soils as expected when compared with Phrabat soils. Desorption was hysteresis in every desorption study. Desorption coefficient values (K _des) were higher than adsorption (K _des).     

Sorption and desorption hysteresis of organic contaminants by kerogen in a sandy aquifer material

Sorption and desorption hysteresis of 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene were investigated for the Borden aquifer material with total organic carbon of 0.021% and the isolated natural organic matter (NOM). The isolated NOM is a kerogen type of organic matter with relatively low maturation degree and contained many different types of organic matters including vitrinite particles. The modified Freundlich sorption capacities (logK^′_f and logK^′_foc) are very close for the sorption of the four solutes by the isolated NOM and the original sand, respectively. Isotherm non-linearity (n value) and hysteric behaviors are related to solute molecular properties (e.g. K_ow and molecular size). Kerogen encapsulated by inorganic matrices in the original aquifer may not be accessed fully by solutes. The larger the hydrophobic organic chemical (HOC) (hydrophobic organic contaminant) molecule is, the lower accessibility of the HOC to kerogen. This study disputes widely held hypothesis that sorption to mineral surfaces may play a major role in the overall sorption by low TOC (e.g. 0.1% by mass) geomaterials such as Borden sand. It also demonstrates the importance of the condensed NOM domain, even at very low contents, in the sorption and desorption hysteresis of HOCs in groundwater systems.     

Sorption of organic pollutants by marine sediments: implication for the role of particulate organic matter

The objective of this study was to quantify sorption properties for kerogen/black carbon (BC)-bearing sediments. Single-solute sorption isotherms were measured for five pristine marine sediments using phenanthrene, naphthalene, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene as the sorbates. The results showed that the sorption isotherms were nonlinear and that the organic carbon normalized single point K_OC values were comparable to those reported in the literature for the purified keorgen and BC, but are much higher than the data reported for HA and kerogen/BC-containing terrestrial soils and sediments. It is likely that koergen and BC associated with these pristine marine sediments may not be encapsulated with humic acids or Fe and Mn oxides and hydroxides as often do in terrestrial soils and sediments. As a result, they may be fully accessible to sorbing molecules, exhibiting higher sorption capacities. The study suggests that competition from background HOCs and reduced accessibility when kerogen and BC are associated with terrestrial sediments may dramatically increase variability of sorption reactivities of geosorbents. Such variability may lead to large uncertainties in the prediction of sorption from the contents of kerogen and/or BC along with TOC.     

滇池底泥制备的生物炭对菲的吸附-解吸

将滇池草海底泥在不同烧制温度下制成生物炭,并用元素分析法表征其元素组成,溴化钾压片法表征其红外光谱,CO2和N2法表征其比表面积、孔体积、孔径．以菲作为模型化合物来研究有机污染物在生物炭上的吸附一解吸行为,以此深入了解生物炭施用中对有机污染物环境行为和风险的影响．结果表明,生物炭随烧制温度升高,芳香性升高、亲水性降低、...     

Soil-Water Partitioning and Desorption Hysteresis of Volatile Organic Compounds from a Louisiana Superfund Site Soil

The adsorption and desorption of three volatile organic compounds (1,2- dichloroethane, 1,1,2- trichloroethane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane) from a previously uncontaminated clayey soil sample from a Superfund site in North Baton Rouge,Louisiana was studied. In the linear range of the adsorption isotherm, the partition constants were not affected by the presence of the co-solutes. The adsorption isotherms over a wide concentration range on the soil followed the nonlinearFreundlich isotherm. The desorption of the compounds showedsignificant hysteresis at all concentrations studied. Approximately 20 to 70% of the adsorbed mass of organic compounds resisted the desorption even after five months ofsuccessive desorption steps. The desorption of four compounds(1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,4-dichlorobenzeneand hexachlorobutadiene) from a contaminated soil sample fromthe same site was also studied. The aqueous concentration declined as the successive desorption steps progressed. For hexachlorobutediene the desorption can be visualized as occurring in two stages. The first stage involved a loosely bound or reversible fraction and the second stage involveda tightly bound or resistant fraction.     

功能可控型减隔震支座的研发与性能分析∗

为提升梁式桥的抗震性能,实现桥梁结构在地震作用下力学行为的可控性,基于减隔震设计原理,研发了一种功能可控型减隔震支座。通过数值模拟和模型试验研究了该支座的力学行为,结果表明:支座的滑动性能良好,摩擦行为稳定;剪力销力学行为可控,断后摩擦行为正常;环形钢阻尼元件滞回曲线饱满,耗能能力强;可控型支座整体力学行为稳定可控。最后以某3跨桥梁为例分析了可控型支座的减隔震效果,结果表明:合理选用可控型支座可以实现结构在地震作用下力学行为的可控性,使结构响应在力和位移之间取得较好的平衡,从而达到避免桥墩损伤破坏、防止落梁的目的。     

基于粒子群算法的钢丝网垫隔振器参数识别

目的 证明粒子群优化算法对钢丝网垫隔振器参数识别的有效性和准确性.探究不同的加载条件对钢丝网垫元件力学性能的影响.方法 对钢丝网垫元件进行正弦加载试验,获取试验响应数据.以双折线模型对钢丝网垫的力学性能进行描述,建立隔振器的参数识别方程,应用粒子群算法和试验响应数据识别出模型参数,并研究不同加载条件下识别参数的变化规律.结果 用识别出的参数计算绘制的迟滞回线和试验结果吻合较好.改变激励幅值和频率,钢丝网垫的一次刚度、三次刚度、滑移刚度、等效阻尼均发生规律性变化,而改变钢丝网垫所受静载,曲线变化极为微小.结论 研究证明了粒子群优化算法对钢丝网垫隔振器参数识别的有效性和准确性,是一种有工程应用价值的参数识别方法.     

气-水两相砂介质中饱和度-毛细压力关系与水位波动之间的响应

利用时域反射仪(TDR)与微型张力计(T5)联用装置,测定气-水两相砂介质中因水位波动产生的连续干燥与湿润循环过程中饱和度-毛细压力(S-p)关系曲线.同时,研究了多重水位波动对S-p关系曲线、孔隙流体运移的滞后性及空气剩余饱和度的作用.结果表明,TDR、T5和数据自动采集器联用装置可较准确测量出气-水两相条件下S-p关系的动态变化.同一介质中不同干燥过程的侵入压值比较接近,与干燥过程的初始水饱和度无关;而干燥或湿润过程的S-p关系曲线和滞后程度则与其初始水饱和度密切相关.在特定的干燥和湿润循环过程中,初始水饱和度大小对空气剩余饱和度的值影响不大,用于预测非湿润相流体剩余饱和度的Land的假设需要修正.本研究结果对进一步研究水位波动条件下地下有机污染物运移具有借鉴作用,可为修正NAPLSimulator提供实验依据.     

沉积物提取液对萘在河流沉积物中吸附-解吸行为的影响

疏水性有机污染物在沉积物上的吸附-解吸行为直接决定其在水环境中迁移、转化、生物效应与归宿.以往采用背景电解质溶液作为解吸体系的方法,忽略了其与天然水体水化学条件的差异可能对污染物的解吸行为产生的影响,从而造成疏水性有机污染物在天然水体沉积物上的吸附-解吸性能评价方法存在较大偏差.本文通过选用沉积物浸出液代替背景电解质溶液的方式来保证吸附-解吸水化学条件的一致性,采用批量平衡的方法对分别采集于凉水河水系(标记为L)以及东江流域(标记为D)的两种河流沉积物样品,进行连续吸附-解吸实验,以考察多环芳烃萘在沉积物上的吸附-解吸规律,从而阐明水化学条件的一致性对吸附-解吸过程的影响与重要性.实验结果表明,萘在沉积物上的吸附-解吸过程呈现出明显的滞后现象.传统的以背景电解质溶液作为介质,研究疏水性有机污染物解吸行为的方法会导致解吸体系的TOC值比模拟天然水体体系减少74.68%～85.01%,这种吸附-解吸水化学条件的差异会增强污染物在沉积物上的滞后性,具体表现为萘在沉积物L和D浸出液中的平均解吸量相比其在背景电解质溶液中分别增加了3.14mg·kg-1和2.40mg·kg-1,平均解吸滞后系数由在背景电解质溶液中的0.04和0.135降低至沉积物浸出液中的0.012和0.072.此现象表明,与纯电解质溶液比较,采用从沉积物中提取的溶解有机碳作为解吸介质,会显著增加萘在沉积物中的平均解吸量,所获得的实验结果更加符合天然水体的实际条件.