Assessment of the Pulmonary Toxicity of Inhaled Gases and Particles With Physicochemical Methods

Abstract

Physicochemical techniques used for evaluating the pulmonary surfactant (PS) quality are discussed as methods useful in assessing toxicity of inhaled gases and particles. Two standard devices, Langmuir-Wilhelmy film balance and pulsating bubble apparatus, are presented in detail, and the measured results of interaction between sulfuric acid and 2 models of PS material are analyzed. The evident decrease in surface activity of the pulmonary surfactant after its contact with the acid at concentrations approaching 0.001 M may be considered as an indicator of the adverse effect, which can result in several health problems. The presented approach can be used as a method of assessing pulmonary toxicity of any substances present in the breathing air.     

尾矿库调洪演算的时变分析模型及应用

为有效指导尾矿库汛期防洪安全工作,基于时变分析理论,结合尾矿库调洪演算的基本原理,建立尾矿库调洪演算的时变分析模型,研究某尾矿库在200年一遇洪水的防洪标准下的调洪演算.结果表明:该尾矿库的最小安全超高和最小干滩长度小于规范值;洪水过程线、库水位时变曲线和泄流量时变曲线具有相似的特征,均表现出显著的时变规律特征;最高洪水位与最大泄流量滞后于最大洪峰流量0.5h,库水位在洪水结束后12.8h恢复到正常水位.该尾矿库的防洪能力满足规范要求,库水位时变曲线和泄流量时变曲线相对于洪水过程线表现出一定的滞后效应.     

天然土壤中菲的解吸行为特征研究

选取天然土壤样品,以菲作为代表性污染物,利用批量吸附-解吸实验考察不同初始浓度、不同吸附时间条件下菲解吸行为的滞后性特征.实验数据采用Freundlich方程式拟合,并由基于热力学的TII指数表征.结果表明,天然土壤吸持菲的比例随其初始浓度的增加而减少.在土壤多次解吸过程中,每次释放菲的比例随其初始浓度的升高而增加,随解吸次数的增加而减少.吸附过程的拟合指数n大于解吸过程的对应值,并随初始固相浓度的加大而增加.天然土壤吸附-解吸过程的滞后性特征表现为初始固相浓度越高,TII值越接近0,滞后性越弱;反之,则TII值越接近1,滞后性越强.另外,吸附平衡时间30 d对应的n值小于5 d的,而两者的TII值随初始浓度增高则呈现降低趋势.就同一浓度而言,吸附平衡30 d所对应的TII值高于5 d的.     

富里酸对TNT的吸附-解吸行为

为研究富里酸(FA)对TNT的吸附-解吸规律,采用振荡平衡法进行FA吸附TNT的动力学实验以及吸附-解吸等温实验。结果表明:FA对TNT的吸附可分为快速吸附和慢速吸附2个过程,且吸附在18 h时基本达到平衡;FA对TNT的吸附动力学曲线用准二级动力学曲线描述最为合适,其次是Elovich模型,再次是颗粒内扩散模型;FA吸附TNT的吸附等温线与Freundlich模型有较好的拟合性,其拟合参数<1,说明FA对TNT的吸附为非线性吸附;解吸迟滞指数为1.06,说明TNT在FA上的解吸存在滞后现象。     

泥炭对甲苯的吸附-解吸行为研究

用热处理方法对泥炭进行活化改性,探讨了对甲苯的吸附性能及影响因素,并研究了甲苯在泥炭上的吸附/解吸行为。结果表明,粒径在0.6～1 mm之间的泥炭在160℃热处理5 h,在pH为7的条件下对甲苯有良好的吸附效果,对甲苯的吸附量为0.32 mg/g。泥炭对甲苯的吸附在20 min内基本达到平衡,可用二级吸附速率方程进行拟合。甲苯在泥炭上的吸附和解吸均呈现明显的非线性,用Langmuir模型能较好地描述,泥炭对甲苯的饱和吸附量为0.939 mg/g。甲苯在泥炭上的平均解吸率为6.393%,并且出现了滞后现象,表明苯系物与泥炭有较强的结合能力。研究结果为应用泥炭作为PRB装填介质进行原位修复甲苯污染的地下水提供了理论依据。     

溶解性有机质对芘在土壤中吸附解吸的影响

从腐解不同阶段的水稻秸秆提取溶解性有机质(DOM),用DAX-8树脂分组的方法分析了其亲疏水性,并研究了提取到的DOM对芘在土壤中吸附-解吸行为的影响.结果表明,随秸秆腐解时间的延长,产生DOM中亲水性组分减少,疏水性组分增多.在本试验所研究的吸附解吸实验条件下,芘在土壤中的吸附解吸均可用线性方程进行描述.加入DOM后,芘的吸附受到显著抑制(p<0.01),并且随腐解时间延长,抑制作用增强;芘在土壤中存在解吸迟滞现象,加入DOM后迟滞现象减弱,促进了芘在土壤中的解吸.随腐解作用的进行,DOM促进芘解吸的作用增强,解吸迟滞系数减小.这是由于随秸秆腐解作用的进行,产生DOM中疏水性组分含量增多,其对芘的增溶作用增强所致.     

风沙土不同有机组分对氨氮的解吸特征影响

采用平衡解吸法研究了风沙土不同有机组分对氨氮的解吸特征影响。结果表明,去除腐殖质后的风沙土氨氮解吸比例增加（由0.58增加到0.68）,同时,解吸迟滞性指数显著降低（由0.067降低到0.021）,说明腐殖质是影响风沙土氨氮解吸特征的重要因素;氨氮在轻组有机组分上的表面分配作用吸附是导致解吸比例增大,解吸迟滞性指数减小的原因;重组有机组分中的紧结态腐殖质（胡敏素）对氨氮的解吸起关键作用,它不但解吸比例较低（Dr=0.23）,而且解吸迟滞性指数较大（TⅡ=0.458）;氨氮在紧结态和稳结态腐殖质所形成的团聚体颗粒微孔隙中的不可逆吸附是导致解吸比例降低、解吸迟滞性指数增大的根本原因;考查土壤对氨氮的解吸特征不但要考虑有机质的含量,更要考虑有机质的存在形态,它也是影响土壤氨氮解吸特征的重要因素,轻组有机组分、重组有机组分及重组有机组分中的稳结态加紧结态腐殖质（HⅡ＋HⅢ组）和紧结态腐殖质（HⅢ组）携载的吸附态氨氮进入水体后,对上覆水体的扩散通量可分别按其饱和吸附量的0.94、0.58、0.33和0.23倍估算。     

装配式摩擦‑软钢耗能支座设计与性能试验∗

结合滑动摩擦耗能及塑性变形耗能机制,设计了一种装配式摩擦?软钢耗能支座。该支座可看作包含摩擦板的滑动摩擦组件与软钢棒的组合,属于一种功能分离式支座。滑动摩擦组件提供了支座的竖向和水平承载力,以及大部分耗能;而软钢棒增强了支座的屈服后水平刚度,有效减小支座滑动位移,破坏后便于更换。利用压剪试验机实测了摩擦?软钢耗能支座的摩擦系数及耗能性能,后者包括滞回曲线、刚度退化曲线、单位滞回耗能及等效阻尼比等指标。最后提出了一种考虑承载能力系数的改进等效阻尼比。试验结果表明：不同竖向荷载下支座的摩擦系数较为稳定,软钢棒与摩擦板共同提供了支座的水平刚度和耗能能力,支座的整体耗能性能良好。     

Evaluation of sorption-desorption processes for metalaxyl in natural and artificial soils

The main process controlling soil-pesticide interaction is the sorption-desorption as influenced by active soil surfaces. The sorption phenomena can influence translocation, volatility, persistence and bioactivity of a pesticide in soil. The present investigation was conducted on natural and artificial soils in order to enumerate the effect of soil components such as montmorillonite and ferrihydrite on the sorption behaviour of the fungicide metalaxyl and if sorption-desorption of the chiral pesticide affects the enantiomeric ratio. The sorption-desorption characteristics of metalaxyl were investigated by batch equilibration technique in a natural soil, two artificial soils, and in pure montmorillonite and ferrihydrite. After extraction, pesticide residues were analyzed by conventional and chiral chromatography using tandem mass spectrometry. A K_dSorp (2.3–6.5) suggests low level sorption of metalaxyl with an appreciable risk of run-off and leaching. Thus, metalaxyl poses a threat to surface and ground water contamination. Furthermore, desorption tests revealed a hysteretic effect (H ≤ 0.8) in natural and artificial soils. Significant amount of metalaxyl was found tightly bound to the adsorbents without desorbing readily after desorption cycle. Desorption of 22–56% of the total amount of the retained metalaxyl was determined. This study reveals that an artificial soil derived from different soil constituents can be used to assess their influence on sorption/desorption processes. The present investigation showed that both montmorillonite and ferrihydrite play a significant role in the sorption of metalaxyl. The sorption doesn't influence the enantiomeric ratio of racemic metalaxyl.