多氯联苯污染沉积物质量评价研究进展

介绍了多氯联苯污染沉积物质量评价的研究进展 ,其中 ,简单介绍了多氯联苯的有关概况及环境行为、沉积物质量评价方法及基准研究进展 ;最后 ,重点介绍了包括多氯联苯在内的憎水性有机物污染沉积物质量评价的研究现状及存在问题。     

Improvement of an efficient separation method for chemicals in diesel exhaust particles: analysis for nitrophenols

GOAL, SCOPE, AND BACKGROUND: Diesel exhaust is believed to consist of thousands of organic constituents and is a major cause of urban pollution. We recently reported that a systematic separation procedure involving successive solvent extractions, followed by repeated column chromatography, resulted in the isolation of vasodilatory active nitrophenols. These findings indicated that the estimation of the amount of nitrophenols in the environment is important to evaluate their effect on human health. The isolation procedure, however, involved successive solvent extractions followed by tedious, repeated chromatography, resulting in poor fractionation and in a significant loss of accuracy and reliability. Therefore, it was crucial to develop an alternative, efficient, and reliable analytical method. Here, we describe a facile and efficient acid-base extraction procedure for the analysis of nitrophenols. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) were collected from the exhaust of a 4JB1-type engine (ISUZU Automobile Co., Tokyo, Japan). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed with a GCMS-QP2010 instrument (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). RESULTS: A solution of DEP in 1-butanol was extracted with aqueous NaOH to afford a nitrophenol-rich oily extract. The resulting oil was methylated with trimethylsilyldiazomethane and subsequently subjected to GC-MS analysis, revealing that 4-nitrophenol, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol, and 4-nitro-3-phenylphenol were present in significantly higher concentrations than those reported previously. DISCUSSION: Simple acid-base extraction followed by the direct analysis of the resulting extract by GC-MS gave only broad peaks of nitrophenols with a poor detection limit, while the GC-MS analysis of the sample pretreated with (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane gave satisfactorily clear chromatograms with sharp peaks and with a significantly lowered detection limit (0.5 ng/ml, approximately 100 times). CONCLUSION: The present method involving an acid-base extraction, in situ derivatization, and GC-MS analysis has shown to be a simple, efficient, and reliable method for the isolation and identification of the chemical substances in DEP.     

垃圾渗滤液生化出水的脱色研究

分别采用脉冲电解法、混凝沉淀法、芬顿氧化法、高铁酸钾氧化法对垃圾渗滤液生化出水进行处理,考察了处理效果。结果表明：铁电极电解法和芬顿试剂氧化法均能脱除垃圾渗滤液的色度,去除有机物质。铁电极电解对色度的去除率可达98．4％,COD去除率可达84．4％;芬顿试剂氧化对色度的去除率可达99％,COD去除率可达85．8％。两种方法均能使出水达到排放标准。同时比较了各种处理方法的运行成本,在达到同样出水标准的前提下,铁电极电解运行成本远低于芬顿试剂氧化,为3．67元／t水,而芬顿试剂药剂成本为8．67元／t水。     

城市内涝灾害应急救援指派模型

为实现应急救援队伍的合理派遣以快速营救受困人员,根据城市内涝灾害特点、城市内涝灾害情况和救援资源的分布,综合考虑应急救援队伍的救援效率、救援可靠性、救援时间等因素,构建多目标应急救援指派模型。运用模糊数学思想,将各目标下的属性值矩阵转化为模糊关系矩阵。针对优化模型的特点,采用反点法对模型进行求解。为证明反点算法的可行性,采用标准匈牙利算法对模型进行求解并加以验证。算例结果表明,多目标优化方案可以进行良好的任务分配,可满足应急救援任务的需要。     

Development and validation of LC-MS/MS method for the determination of Ochratoxin A and its metabolite Ochratoxin α in poultry tissues and eggs

The objective of this study was to develop a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of Ochratoxin A (OTA) and Ochratoxin α (OTα) in poultry tissues and eggs. The two toxins were extracted by a mixture of acetonitrile/water, purified with a reversed phase C18 solid phase extraction column (SPE) and determined by LC-MS/MS. The LC-MS/MS method performances were evaluated in terms of linearity in solvent and in matrix (ranged from 0.5 to 15.10 µg L^?1 for OTA and from 0.60 to 17.85 µg L^?1 for OTα), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), specificity, accuracy and precision in repeatability conditions. Recovery experiments were performed by spiking poultry liver, kidney, muscle and eggs around 1 µg kg^?1 and 10 µg kg^?1. LODs were 0.27 and 0.26 µg kg^?1 while LOQs were fixed at 1.0 and 1.2 µg kg^?1 for OTA and OTα, respectively. Main recoveries for OTA ranged from 82 to 109% and for OTα ranged from 55 to 89%. The values of within-laboratory relative standard deviation (RSD_r) were equal to or below 20%. Considering the results obtained and that all analytical performance criteria were fulfilled, the new extraction and purification method developed for OTA and OTα determination in animal tissues and eggs was found appropriate for control laboratories and research activities designed to ensure food safety.     

改进一步法制备Cu/SAPO-34/堇青石催化剂及其脱硝效率

采用改进一步法制备堇青石整体式Cu/SAPO-34分子筛催化剂,考察了涂覆工艺中黏结剂和分散剂对整体式催化剂性能的影响,以求获得最优添加剂量以达到较高整体式催化剂脱硝效率。研究结果表明,相比于传统一步法,改进一步法工艺简单,涂层更均匀。黏结剂的加入明显提高涂层强度,其中铝溶胶效果最好。铝溶胶降低催化剂活性,酸性硅溶胶提高催化剂低温活性,碱性硅溶胶提高催化剂高温活性。分散剂提高了催化剂涂层强度和脱硝效率。添加17%酸性硅溶胶量所制备的Cu/SAPO-34催化剂具有最好的NO转化率,在30 000 h-1空速下,NO转化效率在90%以上的温度窗口为200~425 ℃,起燃温度为150 ℃,且具有较好的涂层强度。实验结果证明改进一步法脱硝效果较好,且工艺简单节省能源,可以为整体式催化剂的生产制备工艺提供参考。     

ZnO/LixNi1-xO光催化降解甲基橙的研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备LixNi1-xO和ZnO粉体,利用球磨法制备ZnO/LixNi1-xO复合粉体,以紫外光为光源,通过降解甲基橙,研究了锂掺杂及n-p复合对氧化镍的光催化性能影响。结果表明：当投放量为0.1 g/L,x≤0.075（摩尔分数）的锂掺杂氧化镍均比未掺杂氧化镍的光催化活性高。当锂掺杂摩尔分数为0.025,投放量为0.4 g/L时锂掺杂氧化镍的光催化活性最佳,甲基橙最高降解率达到93.1%。当ZnO/Li0.025Ni0.975O在质量比为1∶1,投放量为0.2 g/L时光催化活性最佳,甲基橙最高降解率达到98.1%。     

Residues and dissipation kinetic of abamectin,chlorfenapyr and pyridaben acaricides in green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under field conditions using QuEChERS method and HPLC

Abstract

The current study estimated the dissipation rates of abamectin, chlorfenapyr and pyridaben acaricides in pods of green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under field conditions in Egypt. Pesticides were extracted and cleaned-up by QuEChERS method and were analyzed by HPLC. The dissipation of these acaricides followed the first order kinetics model with half-life (t_1/2) values 1.00, 3.50 and 1.50?days for abamectin, chlorfenapyr and pyridaben, respectively. The lowest residues, at different time intervals of field application rate of each pesticide, were observed with abamectin followed by pyridaben and then chlorfenapyr. Pre-harvest intervals (PHIs) were 10.00, 13.50 and 6.00?days for abamectin, chlorfenapyr and pyridaben, respectively and were below the established European maximum residue limits (EU MRLs) 10–14, 14–21 and 7–10?days after application, respectively. If the fresh pods will be consumed after harvest, it is expected that the presence of these pesticides in the food will have a negative impact on human health. Therefore, the elimination of the residues of these harmful pesticides must be carried out.     

TiO2-rGO制备及其对亚甲基蓝溶液的降解

本实验用改进的Hummers法制备氧化石墨烯(GO),通过溶胶-凝胶法制备得到TiO2-石墨烯复合材料(TiO2-rGO),研究了不同制备条件对复合材料光催化性能的影响。采用X射线衍射(XRD),拉曼光谱(Raman),比表面积(BET),扫描电镜(SEM),透射电镜(TEM)、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱和荧光光谱(PL)等测试手段对复合材料进行表征。结果表明,TiO2-rGO复合材料中的TiO2为锐钛相,且能均匀附着在石墨烯片层上,呈现层状堆积结构;与纯TiO2相比,复合材料具有较大的比表面积和更高的可见光响应。研究了该复合催化剂在紫外光下对亚甲基蓝以降解效果。当焙烧温度为450℃、TiO2/GO质量比为125:1时,制备得到的TiO2-rGO具有最优的光催化效果。     

福州市城市化进程与大气污染关系研究

以福州市为研究区域,选取福州市1996—2012年的时间序列数据,将大气污染物浓度作为被解释变量,城市化水平作为解释变量,分别设定二次曲线模型和三次曲线模型,通过比较PM10、SO2、NO2浓度与城市化水平的二次曲线和三次曲线模型的回归拟合效果,得出福州市大气污染与城市化水平之间的演化规律。结果表明,1996—2012年,福州市城市化水平平稳上升,城市的大气污染程度与城市化水平之间的关系并不完全符合"倒U型"的环境库兹涅茨曲线,不同的污染物类型具有不同的演化规律。PM10、SO2与城市化水平呈"倒N型"的曲线关系;NO2与城市化水平之间呈现"倒U型"曲线关系。由于研究的时间序列较短,因而研究结果可能只是真实曲线的一部分,福州市的大气污染与城市化水平之间的关系还有待进一步研究。