石化设备抗震抗风动力性能分析和安全性鉴定

石油化工设备类型繁多，形体复杂，其中包括现行抗震鉴定规范中有相关规定的常规设备，也包括一些在抗震鉴定规范中尚无规定的特殊设备。文章以独山子炼油厂的石化设备为例，简要介绍了它们的抗震分析方法和鉴定结果，对其中的高耸结构还进行了抗风分析。     

The Effects of Three Thermo Electric Power Plants on Yerkesik-Denizova Forests in Mugla Province (Turkey)

Mugla is a city that is located in the southwest part of Turkey. Three thermo-electric power plants called Yatagan (3 × 210 MW) and Yenikoy (2 × 210 MW)and Kemerkoy (Gokova, 3 × 210 MW) havebeen constructed in this region and also have begun operation in 1982 – 1983 – 1984 (three units), in 1988 and in 1995, respectively. The Pinus brutia forests in Yerkesik–Denizova region have been under the common effects of Yenikoy and Yatagan thermo-electric power plants. Therefore, these Pinus brutia forests have startedto dry in groups since 1988. In addition, Kemerkoy thermo-electric power plant, began operation in 1995.Polluting gases arrived in Denizova-Yerkesik throughKoca Stream Valley Forests.Increasing quantities of polluting gases and especially SO₂ have dried the trees in large amounts in this 1650 ha forestland area. YataganThermo-electric power plant has caused drying of Pinus brutia in Bencik Mountain, which was on the south in 1984–1985. The same phenomenon was seen in Denizova-Yerkesik Forest in 1999–2000. It was observed that sulphur content was varying between 4218–6676 ppm at the Pinus brutia needle samples taken in this region on 16 December 2000. Sulphur contents were correlated with the age of needle (1–2 yr old), density of yellow stains on the needles and amount of drying needles. Particularly in 1996–2000 period, the destruction of chlorophyll in needles due to the impacts of SO₂ was also correlated with narrowing of the annual rings from one year to another. The narrowing ratio of yearly rings reached 60–504% for 94–95 yr old, and 375–661% for 58–63 yr old Pinus brutia trees during the 1986–1990, 1991–1995 and 1996–2000 periods.All these results clearly showed that the decrease in the chlorophyll content in needles under the effect of air pollution caused important reduction in the raw timber production and its inputs to the economy. In other words, drying due to increased ecological sensitivity or direct hazard of pollutants emitted by the power plants and cutting of trees have been notably increased in the region. This has created serious economic losses.     

EVALUATION OF HYDROLOGIC BENEFITS OF INFILTRATION BASED URBAN STORM WATER MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: As watersheds are urbanized, their surfaces are made less pervious and more channelized, which reduces infiltration and speeds up the removal of excess runoff. Traditional storm water management seeks to remove runoff as quickly as possible, gathering excess runoff in detention basins for peak reduction where necessary. In contrast, more recently developed “low impact” alternatives manage rainfall where it falls, through a combination of enhancing infiltration properties of pervious areas and rerouting impervious runoff across pervious areas to allow an opportunity for infiltration. In this paper, we investigate the potential for reducing the hydrologic impacts of urbanization by using infiltration based, low impact storm water management. We describe a group of preliminary experiments using relatively simple engineering tools to compare three basic scenarios of development: an undeveloped landscape; a fully developed landscape using traditional, high impact storm water management; and a fully developed landscape using infiltration based, low impact design. Based on these experiments, it appears that by manipulating the layout of urbanized landscapes, it is possible to reduce impacts on hydrology relative to traditional, fully connected storm water systems. However, the amount of reduction in impact is sensitive to both rainfall event size and soil texture, with greatest reductions being possible for small, relatively frequent rainfall events and more pervious soil textures. Thus, low impact techniques appear to provide a valuable tool for reducing runoff for the events that see the greatest relative increases from urbanization: those generated by the small, relatively frequent rainfall events that are small enough to produce little or no runoff from pervious surfaces, but produce runoff from impervious areas. However, it is clear that there still needs to be measures in place for flood management for larger, more intense, and relatively rarer storm events, which are capable of producing significant runoff even for undeveloped basins.     

GIS BASED LONG TERM HYDROLOGIC IMPACT EVALUATION FOR WATERSHED URBANIZATION1

ABSTRACT: To adequately manage impacts of ongoing or future land use changes in a watershed, the magnitude of their hydrologic impacts needs to be assessed. A grid based daily streamflow model was calibrated with two years of observed streamflow data, using time periods when land use data are available and verified by comparison of model predictions with observed streamflow data. Streamflow data were separated into direct runoff and baseflow to estimate the impacts of urbanization on each hydrologic component. Analysis of the ratio between direct runoff and total runoff from 30 years of simulation results and the change in these ratios with urbanization shows that estimated annual direct runoff increased from 49.2 percent (1973) to 63.1 percent (1984) and 65.0 percent (1991), indicating the effects of urbanization are greater on direct runoff than on total runoff. The direct runoff ratio also varies with annual rainfall, with dry year ratios larger than those for wet years. This suggests that the impact of urbanization on areas that are sensitive to runoff ratios, such as stream ecosystems, might be more serious during drier years than in wetter years in terms of water quality and water yield. This indicates that sustainable base‐flow is important to maintaining sound stream ecosystems.     

关于环形风道比摩阻两种计算方法

就通风空调工程中具有特殊应用的环形风道的摩擦阻力计算问题进行了分析，根据流体力学原理，提出了采用流量当量直径法和直接利用圆形风道计算图风道的比摩阻2种方法，第2种计算方法与流量当量直径法比较，查表时更直接。     

琥珀山庄污水处理厂污泥上浮的成因与控制

污水处理厂的污泥上浮会影响污水处理系统的操作、运行和出水水质.活性污泥上浮以后,如不及时处理会造成污泥大量流失、氧化沟内MLSS值降低、微生物量锐减,导致运行彻底失败.本文以合肥市琥珀山庄污水处理厂的工艺运行为实例,寻求活性污泥上浮的原因及其控制对策.通过多年的观察与实践,认为污泥上浮的主要原因有污泥老化与腐化、污泥反硝化、冲击负荷、曝气过度、污泥携油上浮等.实践表明,气温、气压和水温的变化也是污泥上浮的重要原因.常用的控制污泥上浮的方法有增加污泥回流量、及时排除剩余污泥、降低混合液浓度、缩短污泥龄、降低溶解氧、消除沉淀池的死角区、加大池底坡度以及改进池底刮泥设备等.     

Environmental impact of aquaculture-sedimentation and nutrient loadings from shrimp culture of the southeast coastal region of the Bay of Bengal

Nutrient Ioadings were measured for surface seawater and bottom sediments of semi-intensive and improved extensive shrimp culture pond, adjacent estuary, and fallow land in the south-east coastal region of Bangladesh during August, 2000--January, 2001 to evaluate the impact of shrimp culture. The mean levels of nutrients found in the pond surface water were 108.780 mg/L for CaCO3, 0.526 mg/L for NH4^ -N, 3.075 wt% for organic carbon, 7.00 mg/L for PO4-P, 5.57 mg/L for NO3-N, and 7.33 mg/L for chlorophyll-a. The maximum mean value of H2S(0.232 mg/L) was found in estuarine water. Nutrients loading were found to be decreased with distance from the shrimp farm discharge unit in estuarine water. The mean level of organic matter, total nitrogen, and organic carbon were found in higher concentrations in sediments of cultured pond compared to bottom soil of adjacent fallow land at the same elevation. Extractable Ca values were found in higher concentration(550.33 ppt) in adjacent fallow land, as the shrimps for molting in shrimp ponds use extractable Ca. The relation between seawater H2S value and sediment pH ( r= -0.94); sediment organic carbon and sediment pH values ( r= -0.76), sediment total nitrogen and sediment pH ( r = - 0.74) were found to be highly negatively correlated. Whereas the relation between seawater H2S value and sediment total nitrogen ( r= 0.92), water NH4^ -N and sediment pH ( r = 0.66) were found to be positively correlated. The results revealed that load of nutrients at eutrophic level in estuarine water, and decrease of soil pH; leading to acid sulphate soil formation indicates a negative impact of shrimp culture.     

阻燃高抗冲聚苯乙烯/有机改性蒙脱土纳米复合材料阻燃效应的研究(Ⅰ)--传统阻燃剂与改性蒙脱土的阻燃协效性

运用"一步熔融共混法"制备了包含十溴联苯醚(DBDPO)-氧化锑(Sb2O3)和蒙脱土(MMT)-十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(C16BrN)阻燃体系的高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)复合材料,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、UL 94垂直燃烧测试和锥形量热计等测试手段对其结构形貌和燃烧性能进行了表征.结果表明,在传统阻燃剂DBDPO存在前提下,仍然获取了具有插层结构的高抗冲聚苯乙烯/蒙脱土(HIPS/MMT)纳米复合材料.燃烧特性实验发现两种阻燃体系在HIPS基体中具有良好协效性,复合材料热释放速率大幅下降.这种效应为减少溴系阻燃剂用量以降低生产成本和减轻不良环境效应提供了依据,对于发展绿色环保型高性能聚合物阻燃复合材料非常有意义.     

直升机尾部结构疲劳及缺陷容限试验装置研制及应用

目的 获得尾部结构的疲劳寿命和检查周期,满足民用直升机适航验证要求,保证飞机的飞行安全,开展复合材料尾部结构疲劳及缺陷容限试验技术研究。方法 介绍了尾部结构疲劳及缺陷容限试验专用试验台、气动冲击设备、柔性自动特征扫描成像无损检测系统等的设计及研制,采用研制的成套试验装置,实现尾部结构试验件连接约束和载荷边界的全面真实模拟、复杂载荷谱的精确控制、冲击损伤缺陷预制及缺陷自动识别与检测。结果 经试验验证,载荷误差小于2%,冲击能量误差小于2%,缺陷检测误差小于1 mm,各项指标都满足项目研究目标和技术指标要求。结论 研究成果在民用直升机研制中得到了成功应用,可为后续其他直升机尾部结构疲劳及缺陷容限疲劳试验提供良好的借鉴,具有重要的工程应用价值。     

面向可持续发展的战略环境评价研究

自从战略环境评价理论提出以来,国内外学者分别从不同的角度对战略环境评价进行了研究,但是从可持续发展的角度进行的战略环境评价研究却相对较少。文章以可持续发展理论为基础,结合战略环境评价理论,给出了面向可持续发展的战略环境评价的内涵,阐明面向可持续发展的战略环境评价的重要性,并建立相应的指标体系,为面向可持续发展的战略环境评价的实施提供理论依据。