THE RESTON (VIRGINIA) LAKE-USE SURVEY: PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS AND MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS1

ABSTRACT: A public attitude survey was developed by a citizen committee and mailed to all residences (14,747) in the planned, suburban community of Reston, Virginia, which is responsible for maintaining four small, recreational impoundments. Over 18 percent of survey forms were returned, and characteristics of the survey sample suggest that the suite of respondents was representative of the Reston community as a whole. Of those respondents indicating a preferred lake use, 48 percent chose walking or looking as most important; boating as second at 27 percent; and fishing was third, favored by only 8 percent. Citizens feel strongly (94 percent) that the lakes are valuable community assets. Appearance was the characteristic most valued by 62 percent of respondents, and 58 percent considered degradation of water quality either the first or second most important ecological issue affecting local lakes. These findings provide a decisive public mandate for lake management activities related to visual quality. In response to this survey, the Reston Association, a homeowners' organization responsible for the lakes, increased public access of visual enjoyment, intensified litter control, expanded activities in public education on lake management and ecology, and continued a long-term program of water quality monitoring.     

ASSESSING THE DIRECT EFFECTS OF STREAMFLOW ON RECREATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW1

ABSTRACT: A variety of methods have been used to learn about the relation between streamfiow and recreation quality. Regardless of method, nearly all studies found a similar nonlinear relation of recreation to flow, with quality increasing with flow to a point, and then decreasing for further increases in flow. Points of minimum, optimum, and maximum flow differ across rivers and activities. Knowledge of the effects of streamflow on recreation, for the variety of relevant activities and skill levels, is an important ingredient in the determination of wise streamflow policies.     

THE ROLE OF USER FEES AND CONGESTION TOLLS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF INLAND WATERWAYS1

ABSTRACT In this paper, we discuss how user fees and congestion tolls can be used to improve the efficiency and equity with which the inland waterway system is managed. The advantages and disadvantages of various types of user fees (fuel taxes, segment tolls, and license fees) are presented. The rationale for the employment of congestion tolls on congested waterways is discussed. A segment toll that is equated to average variable cost is recommended for uncongested existing waterwyas. When existing waterways are congested, congestion tolls, in addition to the segment tolls, are recommended, A two-part tariff, consisting of segment tolls and an annual license fee, is recommended for “new” uncongested waterways. A three-part tariff, consisting of the first two parts plus congestion tolls, is recommended for “new” congested waterways.     

基于单元特性的通风系统可靠性分配方法研究

通风系统可靠性分配是优化矿井通风系统可靠性设计、保障安全生产和日常管理的一项重要指标。在系统可靠性设计过程中 ,如何根据具有一定冗余度的通风系统进行可靠性指标的分配或再分配 ,是现场通风安全技术管理人员面临的一个重要课题。笔者以可靠性工程理论为指导 ,针对矿井通风系统时变、可修的特点 ,分别从基于单元相对易损度、基于单元重要复杂度以及基于单元故障频率角度对矿井通风系统可靠性进行了再分配方法研究 ,并以矿用主通风机系统为实例 ,进行了应用分析和验证。实践证明 ,采用上述分配方法的最终分配结果均接近期望的目标值 ,且满足不低于目标值的要求。该分配方法的研究 ,可为矿井通风系统可靠性优化设计提供一条新的研究思路。     

THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A GIS-BASED CONTAMINANT SOURCE INVENTORY OVER THE SPOKANE AQUIFER,SPOKANE COUNTY WASHINGTON1

ABSTRACT: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statutes require identification of all potential sources of contamination within a wellhead protection area. All wells over Spokane County's aquifer are included in one wellhead protection zone called the Aquifer Sensitive Area (ASA). A GIS-based Contaminant Source Inventory (CSI) was developed for the ASA. Datasets listing businesses and agencies within the ASA were imported into the GIS from state, county, city, and local agencies. These datasets were selected, joined, and sorted using GIS relational database capabilities into one ASA “business master file.” Map files were projected and transformed into common coordinates. Next, business sites within the master file were spatially related by address to the digital map files. Likely Critical Materials Users (CMU) were identified by sorting on selected standard Industrial Codes (SIC). Additional files of CMUs were imported into the Contaminant Source Inventory. GIS queries were performed to locate specific materials, quantities, and storage facilities, and to analyze CMU activity within selected buffer zones. This project demonstrated the usefulness of GIS technology in the development, management, maintenance, and analysis of vast quantities of data associated with a local wellhead protection pro. gram.     

基于系统科学的重要经济目标防护研究

透过国民经济、人防法规、防空战备等角度解释重要经济目标的概念,明确重要经济目标毁伤与防护是一系统现象、系统问题;在对毁伤的特征与影响、防护的特性与效能进行系统描述的基础上,按经济目标、空袭打击、防护对策3层面,构建了目标毁伤与防护的三维体系架构,提出了目标防护规律建模方法框架,确立了重要经济目标防护的系统科学观。其观点认为目标防护应立足保护系统功能,其实质是保护生产能力,旨在实现综合集成。     

幽门螺杆菌研究进展

幽门螺杆菌（Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｂａｃｔｅｒｐｙｌｏｒｉ）是１９８２年Ｗａｒｒｅｎ和Ｍａｒｓｈａｌｌ等人［１］在培养人体胃粘膜活检组织样品时发现的,当时名为幽门弯曲杆菌（Ｃａｍｐｙｌｏｂａｃｔｅｒｐｙｌｏｒｉ）;以后随着各方面研究的深入,Ｇｏｏｄｗｉｎ等［２］１９８９年建立了螺杆菌属（Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）,才将Ｃ．Ｐｙｌｏｒｉ正式命名为Ｈ．ｐｙｌｏｒｉ．Ｈ．ｐｙｌｏｒｉ是人类慢性活动性胃炎（Ｂ型胃炎）及胃,十二指肠溃疡的重要病原菌,并且是肠型胃癌的诱发因素之一．因而,引起世界范围内对Ｈ．ｐｙｌｏｒ…     

重要生态功能区干旱时空演变特征及对关键资源的影响:以黄河流域为例

基于温度-植被-降水的综合干旱指数（TVPDI）、地表径流、植被净初级生产力和粮食产量等数据,利用数据空间化方法、Slope趋势分析及Pearson相关分析等方法,探究了黄河流域从2001~2020年这20年间干旱时空变化特征以及对水资源、粮食资源和植被资源的影响,试图探究干旱与关键资源之间的相互影响.结果表明:①黄河流域干旱空间分布由东南向西北呈阶梯状加重,全流域有60.6 %的区域处于干旱状态;从变化看全流域干旱整体上呈逐年下降趋势,有94 %的区域由干旱逐渐向湿润转变,从春季到冬季干旱呈现先减轻后加重的趋势.②从流域重要资源的时空变化看,起关键作用的地表径流量有53 %的区域呈现增加趋势,且主要分布在流域西南地区;表征植被资源的植被净初级生产力（NPP）及表征粮食资源的粮食产量亦呈增长趋势.③干旱与3类资源呈现显著的空间关联度,干旱程度越高对地表径流量、植被生产力和粮食产量产生的影响越显著,但近年来变湿的地区,其重要资源并未显著增加,这说明干旱对3类重要资源的影响具有时间滞后性,且其滞后性在空间分布上具有显著差异性和地域分异规律.研究对于黄河流域农业生产和抗旱减灾、生态保育具有重要理论意义.     

战时火力发电厂防护措施优选方法研究

针对火力发电厂的核心部位薄弱环节现状,从现代战争攻击的目标看,发电厂必须采取有针对性的防护措施。结合火力发电厂的防护措施,根据其防护性能,建立指标体系,并利用灰色关联分析建立模型。通过模型对指标体系进行分析,达到对防护措施进行优选的目的。该评估指标体系的建立及基于灰色理论评估模型的建立,对于火力发电厂防护措施的优选具有一定的现实意义,对于大坝、核电站、机场等重要目标防护措施的优选具有借鉴和参考价值。     

Efficient management of marine resources in conflict: An empirical study of marine sand mining, Korea

This article develops a dynamic model of efficient use of exhaustible marine sand resources in the context of marine mining externalities. The classical Hotelling extraction model is applied to sand mining in Ongjin, Korea and extended to include the estimated marginal external costs that mining imposes on marine fisheries. The socially efficient sand extraction plan is compared with the extraction paths suggested by scientific research. If marginal environmental costs are correctly estimated, the developed efficient extraction plan considering the resource rent may increase the social welfare and reduce the conflicts among the marine sand resource users. The empirical results are interpreted with an emphasis on guidelines for coastal resource management policy.