Need for adaptation: transformation of temporary houses

Building permanent accommodation after a disaster takes time for reasons including the removal of debris, the lack of available land, and the procurement of resources. In the period in‐between, affected communities find shelter in different ways. Temporary houses or transitional shelters are used when families cannot return to their pre‐disaster homes and no other alternative can be provided. In practice, families stay in a standard interim solution for months or even years while trying to return to their routines. Consequently, they adapt their houses to meet their midterm needs. This study analysed temporary houses in Chile and Peru to illustrate how families modify them with or without external support. The paper underlines that guidance must be given on how to alter them safely and on how to incorporate the temporary solution into the permanent structure, because families adapt their houses whether or not they are so designed.     

Echo Chambers of Denial: Explaining User Comments on Climate Change

Although there is a broad consensus among scientists and journalists about the existence of anthropogenic climate change as a global problem, some segments of the population remain doubtful about the human impact on it. The internet provides citizens with opportunities to publicly voice their doubts and user comment sections of online media are a popular form of user-generated content. This study identifies factors that foster comments that are sceptical or supportive of basic assumptions of anthropogenic climate change, drawing on online news in the US, the UK, Germany, India, and Switzerland. The results show that users adapt to the dominant opinion within the respective media outlet: user comment sections serve as echo chambers rather than as corrective mechanisms. Climate change denial is more visible in user comment sections in countries where the climate change debate reflects the scientific consensus on climate change and user comments create niches of denial.     

原油集输联合站故障树分析研究

采用故障树分析法对原油集输联合站生产工艺流程和危险危害因素进行分析,确定原油集输联合站的故障树因素表,以该站故障为顶上事件,以火灾爆炸、介质泄漏、其他危险作为故障树的中间事件,建立联合站故障树。通过定性定量分析,求取联合站故障树的最小割集为77组,进而确定故障树顶事件的事故发生概率为5.68×10-3和底事件结构重要度,得出影响集输联合站安全性的重要因素为通风不良、储罐密封不良、液体腐蚀、盘管穿孔和人员误操作等。因而提出加强原油集输联合站安全监察和监控措施,及时地发现和处理故障,以提高联合站运行安全可靠性和生产效率。     

长白山北坡亚高山云冷杉林的植物种类组成及重要值

采用典型抽样方法，对长白山北坡不同海拔高度带云冷杉林的植物种类组成及重要值进行了初步研究。结果表明，长白山北坡不同海拔高度带云冷杉林的建群种均为臭松、鱼鳞云杉，主要伴生树种有红松、红皮云杉、长白赤松、长白落叶松及岳桦。根据主要伴生树种在各云冷杉林群落的重要值，长白山北坡的云冷杉林可分为三类，即分布于海拔1290m左右的红松云冷杉林，分布于海拔1500m附近的典型云冷杉林及分布于海拔1680m周围直到1820m的岳桦云冷杉林。组成长白山北坡各类云冷杉林的种子植物和蕨类植物共计109种，分属43科88属，其中乔木植物15种，灌木层植物21种，草本植物73种。在所有灌木层和草本层植物中，既有广泛分布于各海拔带云冷杉林中的种类，也有仅限于某一云冷杉林类型中的种类。草本植物的主要组成种类以北方泰加林的常见种为主。     

新中国成立至改革开放前我国应对海洋灾害的实践及启示

梳理和总结新中国初期我国应对海洋灾害的实践,有助于我们了解海洋灾害的应对措施并为当今提供借鉴。通过对我国海洋灾害史料的分析和总结,得知从新中国成立至改革开放前这一时期内,"防重于救"是我国应对海洋灾害的的主要指导思想,在海洋灾害预测预警、建设防护性工程、群众自救和政府辅以必要救济等方面发挥了重要作用,并为之后我国应对海洋灾害打下了一定基础。     

大面积停电下配电网重要用户的应急供电策略研究

为研究电网较长时间停电环境下应急发电车与发电燃油供应协同优化调度问题,首先在电力公司管理现状基础上,通过对重要用户识别分析,按照是否自行配备发电机将重要用户进行分类,针对已经配备发电机的用户,重点考虑周期性供应燃油,对未配备发电机的用户,电力公司需紧急调度有限移动应急发电车,据此构建2阶段的移动应急发电车和油料供应模型以保证重要用户的紧急供电不会中断（第1阶段为电力公司应急发电车指派,第2阶段为加油站油料补充分配）。然后,将该调度问题转化为移动应急发电车指派问题和运油车路径问题的非线性混合模型,针对非线性目标函数和约束条件,通过引入大M法和变量替换进行线性化,得到混合整数线性规划,最小化负荷损失和成本为目标。最后,以某市电网重要用户为例,验证上述模型有效性,并通过原模型与聚类模型对比强调有限移动应急发电车的有效利用具备一定重要性。研究结果对电网公司保障应急供电具有重要指导意义。     

SWATMOD‐Prep: Graphical User Interface for Preparing Coupled SWAT‐MODFLOW Simulations

This article presents SWATMOD‐Prep, a graphical user interface that couples a SWAT watershed model with a MODFLOW groundwater flow model. The interface is based on a recently published SWAT‐MODFLOW code that couples the models via mapping schemes. The spatial layout of SWATMOD‐Prep guides the user through the process of importing shape files (sub‐basins, hydrologic response units [HRUs], river network) from an existing SWAT model, creating a grid, performing necessary geo‐processing operations to link the models, writing out SWAT‐MODFLOW files, and running the simulation. The option of creating a new single‐layer MODFLOW model for near‐surface alluvial aquifers is available, with the user prompted to provide groundwater surface elevation (through a digital elevation model), aquifer thickness, and necessary aquifer parameter values. The option of simulating nitrate transport in the aquifer also is available, using the reactive transport model RT3D. The interface is in the public domain. It is programmed in Python, with various software packages used for geo‐processing operations (e.g., selection, intersection of rasters) and inputting/outputting data, and is written for Windows. The use of SWATMOD‐Prep is demonstrated for the Little River Experimental Watershed, Georgia. SWATMOD‐Prep and SWAT‐MODFLOW executables are available with an accompanying user's manual at: http://swat.tamu.edu/software/swat-modflow/ . The user's manual also accompanies this article as Supporting Information.     

“十四五”时期中国应对气候变化的区域行动：规划、问题与对策

“十四五”时期是我国应对气候变化的重要机遇期,生态环境部要求将应对气候变化目标任务全面融入生态环境保护规划,而国家和地方相关政策设计尚处于起步阶段。在理论方法方面,已有研究多关注国家层面应对气候变化整体进展及在不同领域的布局情况。各地区针对具体领域的规划目标、行动部署等各有侧重,但区域视角下研究仍比较缺乏。地方生态环境规划是地方生态环境部门履责的重要依据,本文构建了地方应对气候变化规划内容的分析框架,对28个省级行政区（未包含山西、贵州、西藏以及香港、澳门和台湾）“十四五”生态环境规划中应对气候变化政策进行分析,系统梳理各地区减缓和适应气候变化的重点举措,总结完善制度体系、开展试点示范等方面的主要做法;在分析各地区面临问题和挑战的基础上,提出了“十四五”时期加强应对气候变化工作的对策建议。本研究有助于弥补应对气候变化区域研究的不足,可为构建央地协调整合的应对气候变化政策体系、完善地方应对气候变化制度措施提供科学参考。     

A VESSEL LICENSING FEE AS AN ALTERNATIVE PROPOSAL FOR A DEEP DRAFT WATERWAY USER CHARGE1

ABSTRACT: Congress, with the support of the Reagan Administration, is considering the imposition of a user fee on deep draft waterways and ports. Two major bills emerged in the 98th Congress and proposes a tax on import-export value while the other proposes a tax on import-export tonnage. This paper proposes and discusses another user fee alternative, a vessel licensing system. It outlines the advantages of such a fee system under a set of assumed objectives and discusses the range of possible license charge levels under a cost recovery target of $250 million.     

Air Pollution Estimates in Guadalajara City

A method for estimating the impact of industrial emissions is suggested and applied to the Guadalajara City Metropolitan Area (GCMA). The method is based on solutions to the pollution transport model and its adjoint. Two equivalent direct and adjoint mean pollution concentration estimates are considered for ecologically important zones of the GCMA. The dependence of these estimates on the number, positions and emission rates of industrial plants, as well as on the wind and initial pollution distribution in the GCMA is qualitatively and quantitatively examined. It is shown that the adjoint model solutions serve as the influence functions providing valuable information on the role of each of the industrial plants in polluting different zones within the GCMA. These solutions have been calculated with a balanced and absolutely stable second-order finite-difference scheme based on the splitting method. A method for an optimal allocation of a new industrial plant is considered.