基于海湾空间的海洋经济差异分析——以辽东湾、渤海湾、莱州湾为例

以辽东湾、渤海湾、莱州湾为海湾地理空间尺度,引入泰尔指数和变差系数、灰色关联法研究三大海湾地区的海洋经济规模总量和海洋产业关联效应的差异,运用多种预测模型预测未来十年三大海湾间地区海洋经济对区域经济发展影响和贡献的差异。结果显示:三大海湾空间地区海洋经济差异呈现先增大后减小趋势,2007年后呈现协调优化发展趋势;滨海旅游业、海洋交通运输和海洋油气业、海洋交通运输和海洋渔业分别对应辽东湾、渤海湾、莱州湾三大经济区的拉动效应较大,形成各具区域特色的重要优势海洋产业;据模型预测结果分析,到2015年辽东湾、渤海湾、莱州湾地区海洋经济比重将分别达到34%、21%、25%;莱州湾、渤海湾的海洋经济直接贡献率分别平均以2%和1%的速度递增,而辽东湾则平均以0.1%的速度递减,到2020年辽东湾、渤海湾、莱州湾的海洋经济直接贡献率将分别为36%、29%、46%。     

哈萨克斯坦粮食生产效率动态演进及区域差异

曾为苏联粮仓的哈萨克斯坦是粮食生产大国,对于粮食生产效率问题的研究可以评价其未来粮食生产潜力和粮食生产水平,为推进中哈粮食合作提供参考。基于2005—2017年哈萨克斯坦州际数据,采用三阶段DEA-Windows方法,在控制环境因素基础上测算了该国的粮食生产效率,分析了其动态演变和区域差异。结果发现：剔除外生环境因素后,除北部地区,哈萨克斯坦其他地区粮食生产效率大幅度下降,全国效率均值从0.755下降到0.286;哈萨克斯坦粮食生产效率地区分异显著,北部为0.857,西部仅有0.112,粮食生产效率提升空间很大;调整后全国和各地区的粮食生产效率都呈上升趋势,但与北部的效率差距不断增大,地区内各州粮食效率变化趋于一致。     

北京西北城区春季PM10单颗粒形貌类型及成分特征

主要对北京西北城区2010年度春季大气可吸入颗粒物的理化特征进行分析研究,通过利用高分辨率场发射扫描电镜和图像分析技术研究了区内可吸入颗粒物的微观形貌类型及百分含量特征,利用扫描电镜及能谱分析研究矿物颗粒的元素组成及富集类型。结果表明,在西北城区春季大气PM₁₀中可识别出烟尘集合体、球形颗粒、矿物和其他未知颗粒等4种单颗粒类型,沙尘暴天气对矿物颗粒的数量比例影响较大,同时影响颗粒物粒度分布。矿物颗粒按成分可分为"富Si"、"富Ca"、"富Fe"、"富S"、"富Na"、"富Ti"、"富Al"、"富Cl"和"富Mg"颗粒九大类,沙尘天气与非沙尘天气的矿物颗粒均以"富Si"颗粒、"富Ca"颗粒、"富Fe"颗粒、"富S"颗粒等为主。     

基于异质人群响应特征的交通噪声暴露评估研究

考虑异质人群不同声功能需求和时空分布,对异质人群交通噪声暴露特征进行评估。通过集记人口高斯分解和噪声预测,获取特征人群分布数据和交通噪声数据;基于特征人群年龄和声功能需求,标定各年龄段人群噪声响应函数并进行归一化处理,构建异质人群噪声响应曲线;构建交通噪声暴露评估模型,结合获取数据及噪声响应曲线进行噪声暴露评估。结果表明,3类声功能区中人群噪声暴露与年龄变量均呈现类抛物线趋势,40岁左右人群暴露影响较儿童和老人低59.9%左右。人均噪声暴露在夜间明显偏高,尤其在声功能需求较高的第1类声功能区,其人均噪声超标值比昼间高7 d B。特征人群的空间分布对噪声暴露影响显著,工作时段学校区域适学人群集中,其总噪声暴露风险为同等状况住宅区的1.2倍。综合考虑人群特征和时空分布等因素,可更科学地进行区域交通噪声污染评估。     

地质构造单元交接带表土中重金属污染特征对比及源解析:以重庆城口地区为例

中国地质构造复杂,不同地质构造区地质演化史差异显著,对其上发育的土壤重金属含量分布、污染特征及来源亦具有影响.以秦岭地槽和上扬子地台交界区重庆市城口县为研究区,采集表层土壤样品115件,综合运用地累积指数、污染指数和正定矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）分析不同地质构造单元区表土重金属含量分布、污染特征和来源.结果表明：①整体上,该区表土重金属处于中度污染水平,其中Cd为主要污染元素;②表土中Cd超标点位主要分布在乌坪断裂以北地区;③发育于秦岭地槽区埃迪卡拉纪-早寒武世地层之上的土壤中重金属含量显著高于上扬子地台区相同时代地层之上的土壤;④研究区表土重金属来源主要为成土母岩风化及交通和燃煤活动,其中成土母岩风化的贡献率为75%,是控制研究区表土重金属含量分布和污染的主要因素.这为研究不同地质构造区土壤重金属含量分布、富集和来源提供了范例和科学依据.     

The importance of group‐focused transformational leadership and felt obligation for helping and group performance

Leaders face a challenge to simultaneously motivate workgroups and the individuals within them. Recent criticisms highlight the need to deconstruct broad leadership constructs to offer better theoretical insight into the effects of specific leadership behaviors on groups versus individuals. We address this call by exploring the effects of group‐focused and individual‐focused aspects of transformational leadership. Applying social identity theory, we theorize that group‐focused transformational leadership is key to fostering felt obligation, motivating helping behavior, and enhancing group performance, whereas individual‐focused leadership may only foster helping when individuals also feel a sense of obligation toward their workgroup. In a field study of 260 employees reporting to 36 supervisors in a skilled trade company, we find support for these predictions using multilevel structural equation modeling and multilevel mixed effects modeling. Thus, group‐focused (vs. individual‐focused) transformational leadership and subsequent felt obligation are important antecedents for encouraging helping and, in turn, workgroup performance.     

土地用途管制下基本农田发展权受限的区域差异及经济补偿——以湖北省武汉、荆门、黄冈等地区为实证

以湖北省武汉、荆门、黄冈等地区为实证,分析重点开发区、农产品主产区及生态功能区农民收入及土地利用行为受土地用途管制的影响,测算基本农田发展受限下农民的福利损失及空间异质性。结果表明:① 农民收入及土地利用行为具有显著的空间差异,农产品主产区农业收入较重点开发区农业收入高30 929.29 元/(户·a),生态功能区农民倾向于种植经济作物,江汉平原农产品主产区农民更愿意种植粮食作物,农地经营意愿也最强烈,而重点开发区及生态功能区农民转入农地、扩大农业经营规模的意愿较弱;② 土地用途管制对农业收入较高、农地投入较大、农地经营意愿较低、单纯种植粮食作物和兼营粮食作物与经济作物农民的影响较大;③ 土地用途管制强度及其给农民福利带来的损失具有显著空间差异,重点开发区的管制程度最强,生态功能区的管制程度最弱,其中重点开发区农民的福利损失最大[23 839.34 元/(hm²·a)],其次为生态功能区[22 266.71 元/(hm²·a)],农产品主产区最低[14 445.58 元/(hm²·a)]。     

Quadratic diversity: Its maximization can reduce the richness of species

In recent decades numerous diversity indices have been introduced. Among them the quadratic entropy index Q expresses the mean difference between two individuals chosen from the community at random. Differing from diversity indices habitually employed, Q does not satisfy a property postulated earlier for those measures. Namely, the uniform distribution of species does not necessarily yield the maximal index value. Q is based on the difference matrix of species. For a given matrix one can seek for the vector yielding the maximum quadratic entropy. This task leads to a quadratic programming problem. Using the appropriate program of a program package, we determined the maximum vector for a genetic difference matrix of crane species, as published in the literature. We discovered that some components (frequencies) in the maximum vector are equal to zero. That is, by maximizing the quadratic diversity some species can be eliminated. We discuss briefly the possible implications of this observation. Moreover, even if all elements in the maximum vector are positive, the elements can differ.     

文化差异与跨文化营销的研究进展

围绕文化差异与跨文化营销的主要研究成果,分析文化差异与跨文化营销研究的兴起情况以及国内外学者对文化差异和跨文化营销的研究的现状.     

Foliage profiles of individual trees determine competition,self-thinning,biomass and NPP of a Cryptomeria japonica forest stand: A simulation study based on a stand-scale process-based forest model

A simulation study was carried out to investigate simultaneously the effects of eco-physiological parameters on competitive asymmetry, self-thinning, stand biomass and NPP in a temperate forest using an atmosphere–vegetation dynamics interactive model (MINoSGI). In this study, we selected three eco-physiological relevant parameters as foliage profiles (i.e. vertical distribution of leaf area density) of individual trees (distribution pattern is described by the parameter η), biomass allocation pattern in individual tree growth (χ) and the maximum carboxylation velocity (V_max). The position of the maximal leaf area density shifts upward in the canopy with increasing η. For scenarios with η < 4 (foliage concentrated in the lowest canopy layer) or η > 12 (foliage concentrated in the uppermost canopy layer), a low degree of competitive asymmetry was produced. These scenarios resulted in the survival of subordinate trees due to a brighter lower canopy environment when η < 4 or the generation of spatially separated foliage profiles between dominant and subordinate trees when η > 12. In contrast, competition between trees was most asymmetric when 4 ≤ η ≤ 12 (vertically widespread foliage profile in the canopy), especially when η = 8. In such cases, vertically widespread foliage of dominant trees lowered the opportunity of light acquisition for subordinate trees and reduced their carbon gain. The resulting reduction in carbon gain of subordinate trees yielded a higher degree of competitive asymmetry and ultimately higher mortality of subordinate trees. It was also shown that 4 ≤ η ≤ 12 generated higher self-thinning speed, smaller accumulated NPP, litter-fall and potential stand biomass as compared with the scenarios with η < 4 or η > 12. In contrast, our simulation revealed small effects of χ or V_max on the above-mentioned variables as compared with those of η. In particular, it is notable that greater V_max would not produce greater potential stand biomass and accumulated NPP although it has been thought that physiological parameters relevant to photosynthesis such as V_max influence dynamic changes in forest stand biomass and NPP (e.g. the greater the V_max, the greater the NPP). Overall, it is suggested that foliage profiles rather than biomass allocation or maximum carboxylation velocity greatly govern forest dynamics, stand biomass, NPP and litter-fall.