慢速渗滤土地处理法去除污水中污染物的效率研究

本文就不同水质、不同水量、不同作物对慢速渗滤系统中污染物去除效率进行了探讨.通过该法与其它土地处理法和人工常规二级、三级污水处理技术对污染物去除率的比较,表明慢速渗滤土地处理法效果更好.     

COMPARISON OF DESIGN STORM CONCEPTS USING CONTINUOUS SIMULATION WITH SHORT DURATION STORMS1

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this paper were to test the ability of various design storm distributions to simulate the actual rainfall pattern and to compare the runoff rates used in the design of stormwater management devices in the State of Florida using continuous simulation approach. The analyses were performed for four gaged stations to evaluate the applicability of design storm distributions in different parts of the State of Florida. The approach used in this study compared the peak runoff rates from design storms based on the various distributions to those that would result from actual rainfall events. A series of continuous runoff rates were developed through the use of actual fifteen-minute recorded rainfall data, Horton type infiltration decay and recovery rate, and a continuous simulation model. The runoff rates were analyzed using frequency distributions to obtain peak runoff rates associated with different return periods based on the assumption that the continuous simulation approach closely predicts the actual runoff rates from the gaged stations. The results show that the behavior of the design storm distributions varies for different watershed characteristics in different parts of the state. The study also suggests that in general the Florida Department of Transportation and the Suwanne River Water Management (FDOT/ SRWMD) distributions appeared to agree with the continuous simulation results.     

非饱和带柴油入渗实验研究及HSSM模拟

通过土柱模拟实验研究了柴油在不同含水率、不同粒径砂土中的入渗及残留特征,并采用HSSM(Hydrocarbon Spill Screening Model)模拟了柴油在含水率为6%中砂介质中的入渗过程.结果表明:随着介质含水率增加,柴油在介质中湿润锋推进速度先增大后减小,最快速度对应含水率处于相应介质最大残余含水率40%~50%范围内,残余柴油量随介质含水率增大而减小.在细砂、中砂和粗砂3种介质,柴油入渗平均湿润锋推进速度分别为0.42,0.52,0.73cm/min;平均残余柴油量分别为98.10,68.70,48.79mL. 湿润锋推进速度及残余柴油量均与介质粒径呈负相关.HSSM拟合柴油在含水率为6%中砂介质中的湿润锋推进速度为0.5832cm/min,与实验值0.5689cm/min相比,相对误差为2.51%.HSSM能较好的模拟柴油在非饱和带入渗过程,对于土壤及地下水污染预报具有重要意义.     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型下生物土壤结皮的入渗效应

为揭示黄土丘陵区BSCs(生物土壤结皮)的入渗特征,以甘肃省定西市安家沟小流域为例,选择荒草地、沙棘灌丛和油松林3种典型土地利用类型进行采样,采用环刀模拟法研究不同土地利用类型下苔藓结皮和地衣结皮对水分入渗的影响. 结果表明:①不同土地利用类型下的2种BSCs均明显减少初渗速率和达到稳渗所需时间,初渗速率降幅最小值、最大值分别出现在油松林、荒草地下地衣结皮;荒草地、沙棘灌丛苔藓结皮稳渗速率相对裸土分别增加2.4%、10.0%,而二者地衣结皮明显降低稳渗速率,降幅分别为45.2%和55.0%,油松林下苔藓结皮和地衣结皮稳渗速率均增幅为18.2%. ②苔藓结皮在3种土地利用类型下均促进土壤水分入渗,其入渗量调控率在荒草地、沙棘灌丛和油松林下分别是1.0%、10.0%和0.7%;而地衣结皮在荒草地和沙棘灌丛下明显阻碍水分入渗,其入渗量调控率的绝对值分别为43.9%和50.0%,在油松林下的入渗量调控率则为16.5%. ③Horton模型对生物土壤结皮入渗过程拟合效果最好,较适于描述本区具有生物结皮覆盖的土壤入渗特征.      

Effects of alfalfa coverage on runoff, erosion and hydraulic characteristics of overland flow on loess slope plots

An evaluation of the interactions between vegetation, overland and soil erosion can provide valuable insight for the conservation of soil and water. An experiment was conducted to study water infiltration, runoff generation process, rate of sediment erosion, and hydrodynamic characteristics of overland flow from a sloping hillside with different draw-off discharges from alfalfa and control plots with 20° slope. The effect of alfalfa on runoff and sediment transport reduction was quantitatively analyzed. Alfalfa was discussed for its ability to reduce the overland flow scouring force or change the runoff movement. Compared to the bare-soil plots, alfalfa plots generated a 1.77 times increase in infiltration rate. Furthermore, the down-slope water infiltration rate for the bare soil plots was higher than in the up-slope, while the opposite was found in the alfalfa plots. In addition, alfalfa had a significant effect on runoff and sediment yield. In comparison to the control, the runoff coefficient and sediment transportation rate decreased by 28.3% and 78.4% in the grass slope, respectively. The runoff generated from the alfalfa and bare-soil plots had similar trends with an initial increase and subsequent leveling to a steady-state rate. The transport of sediment reduced with time as a consequence of the depletion of loose surface materials. The maximum sediment concentration was recorded within the first few minutes of each event. The alfalfa plots had subcritical flow while the bare-soil plots had supercritical flow, which indicate that the capability of the alfalfa slope for resisting soil erosion and sediment movement was greater than for bare soil plots. Moreover, the flow resistance coefficient and roughness coefficient for the alfalfa plots were both higher than for the bare-soil plots, which indicate that overland flow in alfalfa plots had retarded and was blocked, and the flow energy along the runoff path had gradually dissipated. Finally, the ability to erode and transport sediment had decreased.     

Vertical infiltration of fuel oil hydrocarbons in an agricultural soil

The influence of rainfall, air temperature and soil moisture on the vertical mobility in the soil of fuel oil hydrocarbons (HC) was investigated in a field experiment. A controlled spreading of fuel oil (nC10‐nC25) was performed at a rate of 5 L HCm^‐2 on an agricultural soil in summer and in winter. Concentration, chemical composition of HC and soil moisture were regularly determined at different soil depths between 0 and 140 cm, 1 h, 3, 8and 15 days (d) after the spreading of oil. Sorption of hydrocarbons onto the organo‐mineral matrix of the soil was studied in laboratory experiments. The results showed that in summer, with an air temperature of 24°C and without water leaching in the soil profile, 65% of the initial HC remained trapped in the 0–140 cm soil layer, about 20% of the HC volatilized and around 15% migrated deeper. A vertical selective migration of the lightest (nC10‐nC15) HC (naphthas) was shown lSd after the spreading of fuel oil. Naphthas progressively reached the 120–140 cm soil layers whereas the heavy fractions of oil (nC17‐nC25) migrated and concentrated in the 0–60 cm soil layers. In winter, when soil was regularly watered by rainfalls and at low air temperatures, only 47% of the initial HC remained in the 0–140 cm profile after 15 d. A fast vertical infiltration of naphthas occurred within the first 3 d. After 15 d, all HC were detected in the same relative amounts as in the initial oil in the whole profile. Volatilization was negligible in winter and an increase in the migration of total oil at depth in the soil profile was shown. As inferred from the laboratory experiments, the high soil moisture led to the decrease in HC sorption on the organo‐mineral matter of the soil.     

人工快速渗滤系统的工程应用

通过工程实例讨论了人工快速渗滤系统(CRI)的工艺过程和处理效果,结果除总磷外,处理生活污水其出水CODCr为5. 0～2 6 . 0mg L ,SS为1 .7～10. 0mg L ,NH3 N为0 . 30～2 .31mg L ;处理受污染的河流水时,其出水CODCr为8. 0～2 6 . 0mg L ,BOD5为1. 0～6 . 0mg L ,SS为2. 0～6 .0mg L ,NH3 N为0 . 17～2. 5 4mg L ,均能达到相应的处理要求,是值得推广的一项新型处理工艺。     

几种氨氮吸附剂的对比实验研究

为给人工快速渗滤系统提供可行的填料,研究了煅烧贝壳、沸石、麦饭石、蛭石、中砂和细砂对氨氮的吸附效果。实验采用100 mg／L的氯化铵溶液作为初始溶液,结果表明,6种填料均具有快速吸附,缓慢平衡的吸附特点。经过11 h的吸附,煅烧后的贝壳对于氨氮的吸附量为0．993 mg／g。各个氨氮初始浓度梯次下,沸石的最大吸附量均超过其它5种填料,具有明显的氨氮吸附效果。     

地下渗滤处理村镇生活污水的中试

以红壤土作为填充土壤,在2cm/d的水力负荷下,进行了地下渗滤系统处理村镇生活污水的现场中试.结果表明,地下渗滤系统对COD、氨氮、总磷和总氮有着良好的去除效果,去除率分别达到84.7%、70.0%、98.0%和77.7%,出水COD、氨氮、总磷和总氮的平均浓度分别为11.7mg/L、4.0mg/L、0.04mg/L、4.7mg/L,达到建设部颁发的生活杂用水水质标准对总氮去除机理的分析表明,由硝化/反硝化实现生物脱氮是地下渗滤系统去除总氮的主要途径.在本中试系统中,反硝化效果良好但硝化效果不够理想,改善土壤环境以促进硝化作用是提高总氮去除率的关键.对土壤中氧化还原电位的测定结果表明,土壤内部的还原性质是阻碍硝化反应进行的主要原因.     

PE微塑料对土壤水分入渗的影响及入渗模型适宜性评价

为探究微塑料对土壤水分入渗过程的影响,通过室内土柱模拟试验,设置5组微塑料添加处理(0,1,2,4,6g/kg),研究了不同微塑料含量对湿润锋运移和累积入渗量的影响,并进一步评价了主要入渗模型在微塑料污染土壤中的适用性.结果表明,湿润锋运移速率随着微塑料含量的增加呈现出先减小后增加的特征,当含量达到T2时(微塑料含量2...