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61.
Wesley P. James John Warinner Michael Reedy 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1992,28(3):623-635
ABSTRACT: A computer model was developed, based on the Green-Ampt infiltration equation, to computed rainfall excess for a single precipitation event. The model requires an estimate of parameters related to hydraulic conductivity, wetting front section, and fillable porosity of the soil layers. Values of parameters were estimated from soil textural averages or regression equations based on percent sand, percent clay, and porosity. Average values of effective porosity and wetting front suction were largely acceptable due to the relatively low variability and low model sensitivity to the parameters. Hydraulic conductivity was the most erratic constituent of the loss rate computation due to the high variability and the high sensitivity of the computed infiltration to the parameter. The performance of the Green-Ampt infiltration model was tested through a comparison with the SCS curve number procedure. Seven watersheds and 23 storms with precipitation of one inch or greater were used in the comparison. For storms with less than one inch of rainfall excess, the SCS curve number procedure generally gave the best results; however, for six of the seven storms with precipitation excess greater than one inch, the Green-Ampt procedure delivered better results. In this comparison, both procedures used the same initial abstractions. The separation of rainfall losses into infiltration, interception, and surface retention is, in theory, an accurate method of estimating precipitation excess. In the second phase of the study using nine watersheds and 39 storms, interception and surface retention losses were computed by the Horton equations. Green-Ampt and interception parameters were estimated from value sin the literature, while the surface retention parameter was calibrated so that the computed runoff volumes matched observed volumes. A relationship was found between the surface retention storage capacity and the 15-day antecedent precipitation index, month of year, and precipitation amount. 相似文献
62.
D. G. Guerrant W. W. Miller C. N. Mahannah R. Narayanan 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1990,26(1):127-134
ABSTRACT: Little quantitative site-specific infiltration, runoff and sediment transport data for Tahoe Basin soils under varying storm events or stage of development are available. Modular (Ml), F-type (M2), Impact nozzle (M3), and Impact-Fan nozzle (M4) rainfall simulators were evaluated as to their practicality and ability to characterize infiltration for the Cagwin Soil Series within the Tahoe Basin. Three slope (0–15,15–30, >30%) and four plot conditions (natural with duff [P1], natural without duff [P2], disturbed without duff [P3], and disturbed with duff [P4]) were studied. The measured data were incorporated into a modified Philip's infiltration model and multiple non-linear regression analyses were used to examine relationships between method, slope, plot condition, and infiltration characteristics.t Simulation methods Ml and M4 produced statistically similar (P=0.01) infiltration data, as did M2 and M3 which produced lower infiltration rates. All were found suitable for use in Sierra Nevada watersheds. Ml was considered most practical. Slope had negligible effect on infiltration. The plot condition was found to significantly influence infiltration, and the effect of each plot condition was significantly different. Final infiltration rates ranged from 4.7 to 6.2 cm/hr. Thus, the Cagwin soil demonstrated moderate to high infiltration rates even when exposed to extreme storm conditions (8–10 cm/hr). 相似文献
63.
Wesley P. James Keu Whan Kim 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1990,26(4):587-596
ABSTRACT: A distributed watershed model was developed to mathematically simulate overland and channel flow for a single-event storm. The modeled watersheds in the study were subdivided into rectangular grid elements. All hydrologically significant parameters, such as land slope, rainfall and precipitation excess, were assumed to be uniform within each element. The Green-Ampt method was adopted to generate precipitation excess for each element during the simulation period. A two-dimensional diffusion wave model was used for overland flow routing and an iterative Alternative Direction Implicit scheme was used to solve the simultaneous overland flow equations. Once the overland flow became inflow to the channel, a one-dimensional dynamic wave flood routing technique, based on a four-point, implicit, non-linear finite difference solution of the St. Venant equation of unsteady flow, was applied. A limited number of comparisons were made between simulated and observed hydrographs for areas of about one square mile. Given the appropriate parameters, the model was able to accurately simulate runoff for single-event storms. This paper describes a distributed watershed model developed to simulate overland and channel flow. Comparisons were made between simulated and observed hydrographs for three watersheds. The model was able to accurately simulate the runoff for single-event storms using 61-m by 61-m (200 ft by 200 ft) watershed grid elements. 相似文献
64.
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66.
人工快速渗滤系统对污染物的去除机制 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
人工快速渗滤系统(CRI)是在传统的污水快速渗滤处理系统(RI)的基础上发展起来的一种新型的污水土地处理技术.通过对CRI的模拟,揭示了非生物机制与生物机制对有机物、营养元素的降解机制.结果表明,CRI对污水中污染物的去除是在非生物机制与生物机制协同作用下完成的.对污水中的有机物和氮的降解以生物机制为主、非生物机制为辅;对磷的降解则以非生物机制为主、生物机制为辅.生物机制对有机物、氮的去除占70%以上,非生物机制对磷的去除占61.9%.系统中氮转化以硝化效果为主,反硝化效果较弱. 相似文献
67.
阴离子洗涤剂在慢速渗滤系统中的去除研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
慢速渗滤系统的土壤-植物系统对MABS有较强的净化功能;土壤-牧草系统和土壤-小麦系统对MABS的去除率与停留时间呈高度正相关;城市污水中MABS含量低于5.378ml/l时,两个系统对MABS的去除率可维持在95%的平均水平上。 相似文献
68.
降雨条件下黄土斜坡的入渗特征分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为研究黄土斜坡的降雨入渗规律和降雨诱发黄土滑坡的机理,在宁夏西吉县一黄土斜坡建立了监测站,在斜坡上部开挖探井并安装了土壤水分计观测土壤含水率,在探井附近安装了小型气象站,观测气温、降雨量、蒸发量。通过现场观测数据分析了气象条件对土壤含水率的影响,以及雨水在黄土斜坡中的入渗规律。使用SEEP/W软件分析了完整黄土斜坡和有裂隙黄土斜坡在临界降雨条件下的孔隙水压力分布,以及斜坡孔隙水压力随深度的变化规律。结果表明,深度1 m以内的土壤含水率变化受蒸发量与降雨量的影响显著,深度越大,土壤含水率的变化曲线越平缓。强度大于19 mm/d的降雨才会引起土壤含水率的骤增,且土壤含水率变化比降雨延迟48 h左右。斜坡表面发育的裂隙是雨水进入斜坡体内部的主要通道。降雨会在有裂隙的斜坡内部形成饱和区,使土体抗剪强度降低,饱和渗流会增加斜坡下滑力,这些作用使黄土斜坡发生滑动。现场监测研究得出了研究区滑坡临界降雨量的参考值,提出斜坡裂隙是降雨诱发黄土滑坡的重要因素。 相似文献
69.
喀斯特坡地土壤稳渗率空间分布变化特征研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为查明高异质性背景条件下喀斯特坡地土壤稳渗率空间分布变化特征,在6类典型人为活动方式石灰岩坡地针对4类主要生境类型(土面、土石面、石沟、石缝)开展生境空间分布调查和土壤理化性质分析,并利用Guelph入渗仪进行稳渗率实验。通过对比分析各生境土壤性质和土壤稳渗率关系,结合人为作用方式探讨各生境土壤性质和稳渗率空间变化特征及其演化规律。结果表明:1)喀斯特坡地土壤稳渗率普遍高于非喀斯特地区,喀斯特坡地土壤稳渗率受土壤孔隙和岩石裂隙耦合作用影响。2)各生境条件下土壤稳渗率具有高度的空间异质性,呈现"斑块状"空间分布特征。3)坡地人为作用方式变化将改变原有生境的土壤性质,进而导致各生境土壤稳渗率随人为活动进程发生相应变化。人为踩踏作用影响较小的原生林、次生林和乔灌林坡地土面和土石面生境土壤稳渗率普遍高于石沟和石缝生境,但转变为人为踩踏作用强烈的放牧灌草地或火烧人为干扰地后,土面和土石面生境土壤退化严重,土壤容重和粘粒含量增大,稳渗率显著降低。而石沟和石缝生境土壤性质和稳渗率受影响程度明显小于土面和土石面生境,土壤稳渗率仍可维持较高水平。 相似文献
70.
ABSTRACT. We present a new approach to the nonlinear equations for the phreatic surface of groundwater flow from or into a reservoir. The differential equation is converted into an equivalent integral equation, which is then solved by a method of iteration. We obtain exact results for both drawdown and infiltration, including the special case of groundwater penetration into dry soil. 相似文献