基于恢复能力与影响周期的围海养殖工程生态损害特征及补偿标准——以象山县水湖涂名优水产养殖区为例

以宁波市象山县水湖涂名优水产围海养殖工程为研究对象,通过构建生态服务价值损害评估指标体系,分析了围海养殖区的生态损害特征,并基于海域自我恢复能力,研究了围海养殖工程的生态补偿标准和资源恢复周期。结果显示：（1）名优水产围海养殖工程造成的生态损害总价值为318.90万元/a,单位面积损害价值为3.20万元/hm²·a。生态损害主要以生态服务型为主,占总量比例为53.54%。（2）生物资源型损害类别中,潮间带生物损害价值最大,为59.71万元,其次为紫菜养殖和鱼卵、仔鱼,二者损害价值量相当,占总量比例均为13.55%,底栖生物和游泳生物价值损失则均较小。（3）生态服务型损害类别中,一级类别主要以调节服务价值为主,占总量比例为32.56%。二级损害类别中,废弃物处理损害价值最大,为71.77万元,休闲娱乐损害价值也较大,占总量比例为12.80%,其他类型则价值损失较小。（4）名优水产围海养殖工程基于海域自我恢复能力的生态补偿标准为280.90万元/a,单位面积补偿价值为2.82万元/hm²·a,对比生态损害价值确定的补偿标准,总量减少11.92%。项目施工结束后,近岸滩涂恢复速度为4.6320 hm²/a,约13年后新围大堤附近滩涂将恢复到围海前的基线水平。     

泉州市环境空气质量现状、影响因素及综合防治对策

随着我国各方面综合实力的不断提高,生产、建筑等方面对自然环境造成的污染是极大的,人们生活水平提高的同时也越来越关注城市内大气污染问题。如何治理大气污染,保持人与自然的和谐发展,已经成为当前人们共同面临的一个难题。泉州市地处福建省东南沿海,是我国"一带一路"战略海上丝绸之路的先行区。在经济高速发展的同时,工业企业、机动车数量快速增加,大气污染过程偶有发生,作为国家环保模范城市,其大气环境问题得到越来越多的关注,因此提出有效的综合防治对策势在必行。本文结合泉州市自然(气象、地形)与社会经济(产业布局)等因素,分析了泉州市不同季节大气颗粒物污染成因,并提出有针对性的大气颗粒物污染综合防治对策与管理措施。     

改善北京市大气环境质量中居民支付意愿的影响因素分析

本文旨在用统计的方法 ,分析影响北京市居民为改善大气环境质量而付费的支付意愿的主要社会经济因素。分析结果表明 ,对被调查者支付意愿影响最显著的因素是家庭收入 ,其次是年龄、家庭人口数和教育水平。其中 ,收入和教育水平对支付意愿的影响为正 ,年龄和家庭人口数的影响为负。对调查范围内八个行政区被调查者的支付意愿均值比较显示 ,这八个区居民的支付意愿没有显著性差异。本文的结论是 ,提高收入水平和环境意识水平 ,是提高公众为改善环境质量而付费的支付意愿的有效途径     

非点源污染影响因素及区域差异

随着点源污染控制加强,非点源问题更加突出。污染时间、方式、总量的三不确定给农业环境管理带来困难,控制措施难以有效实施,特别是农业非点源污染日益加剧,水环境质量不断恶化。从污染产生过程,结合污染特征,分析了非点源污染汇污的各种影响因素,包括污染物现存总量及变化趋势和环境净化能力、农业生产活动及管理水平、气候和水文条件;特别提出社会经济活动对污染影响显著;指出主导影响因子的时空变化,并存在地域差异。强调了在三峡库区开展基础调查工作和建立污染数据库的必要性,以期为库区农业环境质量现状评价和总体控制措施的筛选提供科学依据。     

基于熵权-HDT的航空器维修人误概率确定

人误是造成民用航空维修差错的主要因素。为确定不同情境下人误发生概率,结合某维修基地具体情况,采用熵权法确定主要的影响因子,并基于全决策树法分析主要影响因子对航空器维修人误概率的影响程度。计算结果显示,该维修基地人因可靠性的主要影响因子包括航空器维修人员的安全态度、技能、沟通、工作环境、压力以及工段长领导能力。根据各主要影响因子的不同品质描述等级组合,确定该情境下航空器维修人员的人误概率。鉴于该维修基地人因可靠性影响最明显的因子是"沟通",提出信息及时交流、明确沟通重要性等解决措施。     

城市安全生产影响因素及其预测分析——以上海为例

为研究我国城市安全生产的影响因素及预测城市安全生产的发展趋势,以上海市为例,对2004—2010年期间与安全生产相关的数据进行灰色关联度分析,提取影响安全生产状况的主要经济社会因素,并与工矿商贸死亡人数之间建立回归模型。研究结果表明,工矿商贸死亡人数与第二产业比重、GDP增长率、教育支出占GDP比重以及私营及个体工商户比例均呈现负相关。基于2007—2011年各月份上海市的安全生产死亡人数,运用Winters乘法模型,预测上海市安全生产发展趋势。     

Estimating resource utilization demands in implementing statewide screening,brief intervention,and referral to treatment for alcohol-impaired drivers

Objectives: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is used to assess the level of alcohol use/misuse and to inform the intensity of intervention delivered within screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) programs. Policy initiatives are recommending delivery of SBIRT within health care settings to reduce alcohol misuse and prevent alcohol-impaired driving. Recent reports are considering extending delivery of SBIRT to criminal justice settings. One consideration in implementing SBIRT delivery is the question of resource utilization; the amount of effort required in delivering the 4 different intensities of intervention in SBIRT: Alcohol education, simple advice, brief counseling and continued monitoring, and brief counseling and referral to specialist (from least to most intense in terms of delivery time, the skill level of the provider, and personnel resources).

Methods: In order to inform expectations about intervention intensity, this article describes the AUDIT scores from 982 adults recently arrested for alcohol-impaired driving. The distribution of scores is extrapolated to state rates for individuals arrested for alcohol-impaired driving by intervention level.

Results: Though alcohol education was the most common intervention category, about one quarter of the sample scored in a range corresponding with the more intensive interventions using the brief counseling, continued monitoring for ongoing alcohol use, and/or referral to specialist for diagnostic evaluation and treatment.

Conclusions: This article provides local distribution of AUDIT scores and state estimates for the number of individuals scoring in each level of risk (AUDIT risk zone) and corresponding intervention type. Routine criminal justice practice is well positioned to deliver alcohol screening, education, simple advice, and continued alcohol monitoring, making delivery of SBIRT feasible for the majority of alcohol-impaired drivers. Challenges to implementing the full range of SBIRT services include resource demands of brief counseling, identifying the appropriate providers within a criminal justice context, and availability of community providers for referral to diagnostic and specialty care. Solutions may vary by state due to differences in population density and incidence rates of alcohol-impaired driving.     

双风机并联机站局阻特性研究

为探究双风机并联机站局部阻力特性、完善机站局部阻力及其系数的计算公式,以实际矿井通风机站为工程背景,在分析机站流场能量损失机理的基础上,采用物理模型实验和数值计算相结合的方法,分析了机站入口分流、出口汇流的断面速度不均匀程度与机站阻力损失的关系,同时对不同宽高比的矩形断面进行多工况模拟。结果表明:断面速度不均匀性越大,速度分布重组造成的阻力损失越大;确定了机站局阻计算所需参数的合理测定位置,得出机站局阻系数计算时的综合影响系数Kc随风机工况增大而增大、随断面宽高比A增大而减小,并呈现较好的线性关系。研究结果可为多级机站通风系统通风阻力特性分析以及工程优化设计提供参考。     

Is boldness affected by group composition in young-of-the-year perch (Perca fluviatilis)?

In young-of-the-year perch (Perca fluviatilis), individuals within groups differed in the degree of boldness, estimated by habitat utilisation and feeding activity in visual contact with a potential predator. We looked at changes in individual behaviour in connection with change of group composition. During the first period, perch were randomly assigned to groups, and time spent in open habitat versus in vegetation and number of prey attacks were registered. The perch were then categorised into personality types (shy, bold, intermediate) according to their behaviour. During the second period, fish were observed when sorted into new groups, each containing only one personality type. Shy individuals showed the largest changes in behaviour, and increased both the time spent in the open and the number of prey attacks when placed into the new groups. Feeding activity in shy fish during the second period was affected by group composition during the first period. After regrouping, bold individuals decreased their time in the open, whereas intermediate individuals did not change behaviour. Time in the open habitat was, to some extent, influenced by the behaviour of the other members of the group, but number of prey attacks was not. The behaviour of fish of the different personality types we have defined in this study seemed to be based on innate traits, but also modified by the influence of other group members and by habituation to the environment.Communicated by J.Krause     

RAPD扩增中商品酶体系对扩增产物的影响

随机选用了10条RAPD引物，采用3种商品TapDNA聚合酶体系，以5个不同物种的动植物总DNA为模板，进行RAPD扩增，实验发现，在对同一模板、采用同一引物进行的RAPD扩增中，仅仅因为使用了不同的商品TaqDNA聚合酶，获得的扩增产物差别极大；不同商品来源的PCR反应缓冲体系，对扩增产物也有一定影响，但相对较小，这说明，不同的商品酶体系对RAPD扩增产物影响很大，因此，影响RAPD扩增产物稳定性的一个关键因素是商品TaqDNA聚合酶本身；研究中前后一致地使用同一商品TaqDNA聚合酶体系，是成功进行RAPD分析的基础。