碳中和愿景下中国电力部门的生物质能源技术部署战略研究

2020年9月22日,习近平主席在第七十五届联合国大会上郑重承诺,中国将提高自主贡献力度,采取更加有力的政策和措施,努力争取2060年前实现碳中和。电力部门是我国能源系统实现碳中和的关键,而生物质能源技术在电力部门的部署对于推动实现碳中和具有不可替代的重要意义。本文针对三类生物质能源的发电技术,包括生物质直燃/气化发电、生物质耦合发电、生物质与碳捕获封存技术联合发电,分析了技术的国内外发展现状,并从技术可行性、资源可行性、经济可行性和环境影响等方面评析了其在推动电力部门低碳转型过程中的可行性。同时,结合碳中和愿景下电力部门的减排要求及对相关技术潜力的最新研判,对生物质能源技术在我国电力部门的部署提出了相应的政策建议。     

我国经济快速发展区工业VOCs排放特征及管控对策

近年来随着我国经济快速发展,挥发性有机物（VOCs）作为雾、霾和臭氧前驱物日益受到关注,经济快速发展区VOCs污染情况尤为复杂.本文对京津冀、长三角和珠三角的12种典型工业行业及垃圾、废水处理厂与综合工业园区、居民区的VOCs排放特征与分布趋势进行系统分析.解析出制药、橡胶和油漆喷涂为12种典型工业行业中VOCs平均排放浓度最高的3个行业,得到平均浓度分别为541、499和450 mg·m^-3,应给予高度关注.对比分析发现长三角与京津冀地区平均排放浓度最高是制药行业,分别为112 mg·m^-3和1.00×10³ mg·m^-3;而珠三角地区油漆喷涂行业排放最高,平均浓度为1.04×10³ mg·m^-3.进一步对12种典型工业行业VOCs种类分布情况进行分析,发现毒性大的芳香烃与卤代烃分别在油漆喷涂与制药行业中排放占比最高,达到55.99%和26.57%.三大经济区中长三角地区居民区与综合工业园区附近VOCs浓度最低,京津冀地区浓度最高,与各地区工业排放分布情况一致.分析2002~2018年的数据发现居民区VOCs浓度整体呈现波动性下降趋势,尤其2016年后显著降低,反映出我国VOCs防治的相关政策、法律法规和标准及技术对现阶段VOCs控制起到了显著成效.     

The potential of current legal structures to support Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander interests in the Australian bush food industry

There are complex connections between Australia’s native plants and first peoples, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. The maintenance of these connections is central to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture and well-being and the tangible realisation of Australian policy commitments. Diverse cultural connections combine with other motivations to underpin an array of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander interests in the commercial development of traditional plant foods (‘bush foods’). Despite nation-wide policy support for these interests, there is no national legal framework to support them. This fortifies the popular call for a new (sui generis) law that transforms the interests of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples into enforceable legal rights. It is unclear the extent to which a single sui generis law might help Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples realise their diverse interests in the development of gourmet bush food products and new bush food varieties. It is also unlikely that Australia will implement such a law in the near future. This paper offers a preliminary study of the capacity of current legal structures to support some key Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander interests that might arise in these two development contexts. The study can inform the future development of practical legal strategies to support the diverse interests of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in the bush food industry.     

中国电力行业多污染物控制成本与效果分析

利用情景分析法建立了2010—2030年我国电力行业SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5的排放控制情景,分析了发电技术结构调整、加严及进一步加严末端控制措施(脱硫、脱硝、除尘等)的减排成本和效果. 结果表明:到2030年,相对于趋势照常情景,若加严末端控制设施,将新增336×108元投资,SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5排放量可分别减少121×104、852×104、18×104、10×104 t;若进一步加严末端控制措施,将再新增25×108元投资,NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5可分别进一步减排45×104、23×104、15×104 t;若进行发电技术结构调整,将新增2 383×108元投资,SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5排放量分别减少248×104、420×104、18×104、10×104 t;2020年和2030年发电技术结构调整带来的单位污染物减排成本分别为15 374和34 239元/t,是末端控制措施加严的3倍以上,但其能提供更大的SO₂减排空间并具有降低能耗和减排温室气体等协同效益. 从成本效果角度考虑,建议采用加严末端控制措施方案,同时调整发电技术结构、合理发展清洁发电技术,以为污染物减排提供更大空间.      

中国服务业能源消费CO2排放及其因素分解

基于IPCC温室气体排放清单指南中的CO₂排放因子与核算方法,估算了1995—2010年中国服务业能源消费与CO₂排放量,并对其总体变化趋势进行时间序列分析;以LMDI(对数平均迪氏指数)法辨识与分解3个时段(1995—2000年、2000—2005年和2005—2010年)中影响中国服务业CO₂排放量变动的关键因素及其对CO₂排放量的贡献值. 结果表明:1995—2010年中国服务业能源消费CO₂排放量增长态势明显,累计排放总量为853197.55×104t;服务业能源消费主要依赖于高碳化能源燃料,各年度油品和煤品分别占能源消费总量的67%~74%和5%~27%;LMDI分析结果显示,1995—2010年产业规模和人口效应引起CO₂排放增加量分别为133357.10×104和7691.25×104t,能源效率和能源结构引起CO₂排放减少量分别为59034.50×104和23898.60×104t. 提出CO₂减排对策:①以经济、政策和监管手段促进服务业节能减排;②依托科技创新提高能源综合利用效率,降低服务业CO₂排放量.      

Public sector perspectives and policy implications for the Pitons Management Area World Heritage Site,St. Lucia

St. Lucia faces numerous challenges associated with striking a balance between its economic and conservation goals with respect to the Pitons Management Area (PMA) World Heritage Site. Among the various stakeholders, the public sector, which largely constitutes the administrative authorities representing the general public, plays an instrumental role in site management. They are primarily responsible for policy formulation as well as the provision of fiscal incentives and funds to assist in the maintenance of the site. Based on a qualitative inquiry approach, this study explored the perspectives of key persons among pertinent public and non-profit organizations. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among local and national representatives from the public sector. Results revealed that the designation of the PMA as a World Heritage Site has presented both opportunities and challenges to the management of the site. Findings strongly indicate that the integrity and sustainability of the site is at stake due to a lack of commitment, coordination and political will in the public sector.     

How do leadership motives affect informal and formal leadership emergence?

To what extent and in what ways do leadership motives of potential leaders predict their informal and formal leadership assignments? To address these questions, we conducted two studies in a military setting. In the first study (n = 215), we examined a mediated‐moderation model in which we hypothesized that the motivation to lead (MTL) of candidates to an elite unit would predict their teamwork behaviors and their tendency to emerge as leaders of their peers. We further hypothesized that cognitive ability would interact with MTL to predict teamwork behaviors and that teamwork behaviors would mediate the relationship between this interaction and leadership emergence. In Study 2, we followed up 60 candidates who were selected to the unit and examined whether MTL would predict the extent to which they achieved formal leadership roles. The findings of Study 1 supported the hypotheses included in the moderated mediation model. In Study 2, as expected, MTL predicted formal leadership emergence. We discuss several theoretical implications of these findings. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

医疗保健行业中的纳米材料：职业风险和预防

欧洲职业健康安全署近期发布电子纪要,解释了保健行业工作者在他们工作场所的日常活动中如何与纳米材料发生可能的接触,并提供了预防潜在接触可以采取的措施。这些措施包括国家层面的法律监管、消除与替代、工程控制、管理措施以及个体防护装备（PPE）。作者特编译此文,为国内相关领域提供参考。     

The local nonprofit sector and the pursuit of sustainability in American cities: a preliminary exploration

This paper reports on the results of a study of the relationship between the nonprofit sector and the pursuit of sustainability in 13 moderate sized US cities with populations between 400,000 and 600,000. Dividing the cities into two groups – those that have been more serious and less serious about adopting and implementing sustainability policies, analysis of a survey of local public officials examines differences in the nonprofit landscape. Analysis shows that the cities that are more serious about sustainability have local public officials who interact more with nonprofit organisations, and are more likely to report the presence of at least one nonprofit group that supports city sustainability policies. Additionally, these reported groups are more likely to be “local”, or homegrown, and to be explicitly dedicated to the environment or sustainability. While far from definitive, the results provide evidence that the nonprofit sector is different in cities with sustainability policies, and suggest that the role of these nonprofit groups in the governance decisions of city leaders warrants more in-depth study.     

Reflections on network governance in Africa's forestry sector

International forestry governance is an integral part of the global policy debates on how to prevent deforestation, illicit extraction, and unsustainable timber practices. Africa is an important producer of timber, yet the region is beset by a lack of capacity and other governance challenges in the management of its forestry sector. We employ a network governance analysis to examine the extent to which the evolution and operation of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and la Commission des Forêts d'Afrique Centrale (COMIFAC) have addressed governance challenges. We assess the strengths and weaknesses of these two leading examples of international forestry governance by introducing recent evidence and insights from Africa. We conclude with a policy‐relevant discussion of how the FSC and COMIFAC might enhance authority, legitimacy, and effectiveness and improve forestry governance in Africa and other parts of the world.