WATERSHED CONFIGURATION AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM PARAMETERIZATION FOR SPUR MODEL HYDROLOGIC SIMULATIONS1

ABSTRACT: A grid cell geographic information system (GIS) is used to parameterize SPUR, a quasi-physically based surface runoff model in which a watershed is configured as a set of stream segments and contributing areas. GIS analysis techniques produce various watershed configurations by progressive simplification of a stream network delineated from digital elevation models (DEM). We used three watershed configurations: ≥ 2nd, ≥ 4th, and ≥ 13th Shreve order networks, where the watershed contains 28, 15, and 1 channel segments with 66, 37, and 3 contributing areas, respectively. Watershed configuration controls simulated daily and monthly sums of runoff volumes. For the climatic and topographic setting in southeastern Arizona the ≥ 4th order configuration of the stream network and contributing areas produces results that are typically as good as the ≥ 2nd order network. However both are consistently better than the ≥ 13th order configuration. Due to the degree of parameterization in SPUR, model simulations cannot be significantly improved by increasing watershed configuration beyond the ≥ 4th order network. However, a range of Soil Conservation Service curve numbers derived from rainfall/runoff data can affect model simulations. Higher curve numbers yield better results for the ≥ 2nd order network while lower curve numbers yield better results for the ≥ 4th order network.     

NORTH AMERICAN INTERSTATE WEATHER MODIFICATION COUNCIL: NEED,GOALS, PURPOSE,AND ACTIVITIES1

ABSTRACT: A need for the prudent design and critical analysis of all weather modification efforts was expressed by the attendees of the June 1974 Governors' Weather Modification Conference in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The attendees also expressed a need for an organization to coordinate and cooperate in intrastate, interstate and possible international weather modification activities, particularly in view of the growing importance of agricultural production, energy demand and domestic water supply. The North American Interstate Weather Modification Council (NAIWMC) was ratified on January 17, 1975, in Denver, Colorado, with its main purpose to achieve and maintain state and local control of such activities while endeavoring to attain a high degree of legislative uniformity and an effective information exchange mechanism. The need, goals, and objectives of the newly-created Council are summarized herein. The by-laws of the Council are presented according to the articles adopted at the organizational meeting. Membership in the Council is available to all states of the United States of America, Mexico, and all provinces of Canada. The officers of the Council are elected from its membership according to the regions of weather modification activities. A summary of the Council's progress at performing the purposes is presented in this paper. Definition of the users involved in the North American Interstate Weather Modification Council has been achieved during the early activities of the Council. The Council's views on federal and state weater modification legislation are presented according to position statements that have been adopted by the member states and provinces.     

LANGUAGE CONSTRAINTS TO WATER RESOURCE UTILIZATION1

ABSTRACT: Worldwide development of water resources and control of pollution would be improved by the ability for direct, multilateral communication between workers in the dozens of different language communities involved. Current language-based problems which should be eliminated include (1) incomplete diffusion of scientific knowledge, (2) technical inbreeding, (3) unsatisfactory international conferences, (4) money wasted on translation, and (5) unstandardized technical terminology. General education in a common second language for international use can eliminate these conditions. Ethnic languages are not qualified for this purpose, because of their national biases and extreme learning difficulties. The Esperanto language is free of these limitations, and its application is recommended as a means for improving the overall performance of the industry.     

Geographic information systems and environmental impact assessment

The analytical structure of environmental impact assessment is continually changing as the applicability of established techniques from other fields and the development of novel methods become known. This paper illustrates the applicability of using existing data bases, through a geographic information system, for theex ante evaluation of land use disruption. More specifically, the Canada Geographic Information System was employed to retrieve, to analyze, and to produce land capability statistics and land use maps for the proposed Glengowan dam and reservoir.     

FINANCING FEDERAL WATER DEVELOPEMNT PROJECTS AND SHARING THE COSTS1

ABSTRACT: The Federal Government's interest and involvement in water resource development in discussed in the context of project financing and cost sharing. After drawing a clear distinction between the two issues - who puts up the money, and who repays over time - the authors survey a number of Federal acts from which have evolved nearly 200 separate cost-sharing rules. Selected cost sharing and financing issues discussed include consistency in policies, rehabilitation of urban water supply systems, multipurpose water quality projects, and ground water management. Two proposals for cost/finance sharing reform introduced in the 96th Congress are discussed in detail and their impacts compared with current policy. The joint venture approach (Administration proposal) results in an effective composite cost share which changes significantly but not drastically (from 19 to 35 percent non-Federal share for a hypothetical project). The block grant approach (Domenici-Moynihan proposal) would alter the regional distribution of Federal water developement funding from the South and West to the Northwest and North Central States.     

大数据条件下环境规制的变革——环境信息规制功能的视角

环境规制往往面临规制失灵的困境，而信息不对称是规制失灵的重要原因。环境信息是一种重要的环境规制工具，可以改变环境规制能力不足与规制意愿不足的问题。在大数据条件下，环境信息可以降低政府环境规制成本，实现环境规制的互动。随着技术的发展，环境大数据对环境规制会发挥更加积极的作用，并促进环境规制向精准规制、反身性规制、整体性规制的方向发展，有效地提高环境规制的绩效。     

ON PRECIPITATION SENSOR NETWORK DENSITIES FOR EVALUATING WINTERTIME OROGRAPHIC CLOUD SEEDING EXPERIMENTS1

Principal component analysis is used to investigate density requirements of wintertime orographic cloud seeding experiment precipitation sensor networks. Three passes in the vicinity of Climax, Colorado are studied. The eighteen or more evenly spaced precipitation sensors of each pass are almost completely described by three principal components. These three principal components appear to represent (i) mean precipitation, (ii) slope orientation to storm systems, and (iii) elevation. Evaluation of these principal components is implemented with two distribution-free tests, a proportionality test and the runs test. The results of this study suggest that the loss of experimental information caused by low density precipitation sensor networks may be of little consequence.     

A DESCRIPTIVE MODEL FOR ANALYZING PROPOSED COST SHARING RATE CHANGES1

ABSTRACT: This article offers a procedure for identifying the primary effects of financing and cost sharing rates on four basic levels: program, technical, incidence, and comprehensive impacts. A process is developed for identifying these effects based upon two alternative approaches. One method would follow the effects of rate changes through the four levels of impact, another would look in depth at the consequences of rate changes on a particular impact. For this study the information and suggested changes found in the Section 80(c) Study were used to illustrate possible impacts. The process suggested herein could be used in anticipating impacts of any major policy change.     

WebGIS支持下的铁路地质灾害信息系统的构建

介绍了基于WebGIS技术构建的铁路地质灾害信息系统的总体结构与功能特征,讨论了系统实现中的几个关键问题。     

水环境承载能力调控与水质信息系统模式的探讨

水环境承载能力是可持续发展理论的重要体现，它具有很强的动态、空间时空、水量水质兼顾、补偿等特性。建立水质信息系统基础平台，科学地利用和调控水环境承载能力，实现水环境保护目标的实现。本文就水环境承载能力调控与水质信息系统模式的建立进行了分析研究，并结合中国实情提出了建模总体框架。