绿色屋面不同基质组分对降雨径流水质和水量的影响

通过模拟降雨强度50~80 mm的降雨实验,研究了3种常用基质(商业基质、火山岩基质和田园土基质)绿色屋面的径流滞留率和径流水质的特点.结果表明:商业基质的径流滞留率最高,达到48.6%,火山岩基质和田园土基质的滞留率分别为33.6%和30.4%;随着降雨历时的延长,3种基质屋面径流中各水质参数浓度呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,但是,随着降雨强度的加大,商业基质径流中TN浓度和COD呈现出逐渐升高的趋势,而火山岩和田园土基质径流水质参数未呈现出明显变化;田园土基质屋面径流EC、TN、COD、TP和TSS的浓度均值高达3973.54、36.96、503.67、2.64和92.02 mg·L~(-1),显著高于商业基质屋面和火山岩基质屋面;商业基质屋面能够有效地中和模拟降雨的pH,且径流中EC、TP和TSS浓度与火山岩基质屋面径流无明显差异.但是,这2种基质屋面径流中TN和COD的浓度(商业基质:17.47 mg·L~(-1)和87.99 mg·L~(-1),火山岩基质:10.95 mg·L~(-1)和157.85 mg·L~(-1))均超出国家地表水环境质量V类标准;通过综合分析3种屋面基质径流滞留率和径流水质,认为商业基质是我国北方地区较为适宜的绿色屋面基质.研究结果可为绿色屋面的科学构建和城市暴雨径流管理提供科学依据,并为我国海绵城市的建设提供重要的理论依据.     

硅铝比和NiO对ZSM-5协同低温等离子体降解甲苯的影响

研究了不同硅铝比的ZSM-5与Ni/ZSM-5分子筛协同低温等离子体技术对甲苯降解性能的影响.以Ni O(Nickel Oxide)为活性组分,采用浸渍法对ZSM-5分子筛进行改性,利用氮气吸附脱附(BET)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、H_2程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、NH_3程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)、Toluene程序升温脱附(Toluene-TPD)等技术表征样品的物理化学性质.考察了硅铝比对ZSM-5与Ni/ZSM-5分子筛体系中甲苯的吸附性能,研究了不同放电电压下硅铝比对甲苯降解率、碳平衡及二氧化碳选择性的影响,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析了催化剂表面的有机产物.结果表明:硅铝比不但影响分子筛本身的物理化学特性(比表面积、氧化还原性能、表面酸性、疏水性等),还会影响Ni的负载形态和方式,更高的硅铝比与Ni O的负载能促进甲苯深度氧化,减少副产物,提高碳平衡和二氧化碳选择性.     

高浓度游离氨冲击负荷对生物硝化的影响机制

工业废水厂或含工业废水较多的城市污水处理厂,在运行过程中可能会意外受到高浓度氨氮废水急性冲击负荷的影响,造成生物硝化反应受到抑制,出水不能稳定达标.为了指导实际污水处理厂应对游离氨(FA)急性冲击负荷造成的出水不达标问题,本文探究高浓度氨氮废水对污水生物硝化系统的影响机制.本文利用序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)处理模拟高氨氮废水,通过监测氨氮最大比降解速率、硝酸盐氮最大比生成速率、亚硝化和硝化比耗氧速率,硝化菌丰度等指标,研究高浓度氨氮废水中FA对硝化菌活性的影响规律.结果表明,FA在低浓度范围内,增加FA急性负荷能够促进硝化活性,而当FA急性冲击负荷大于一定值时,会对硝化作用造成抑制;FA浓度越大,受到抑制的硝化生物活性所需要的恢复周期越长.利用荧光原位杂交分析技术,发现当进水FA浓度(以N计)从3.6 mg·L~(-1)升高到8.1 mg·L~(-1)时,氨氧化菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)菌群数量都略微升高,而当FA浓度大于8.1 mg·L~(-1)时,AOB和NOB菌群数量明显下降.FA对AOB和NOB菌群的临界抑制浓度分别为8.1 mg·L~(-1)和6.6 mg·L~(-1),NOB相对于AOB菌群更敏感.     

两种不同抑制策略下部分亚硝化系统运行特性比较

为研究如何控制部分亚硝化系统的稳定性,在高氨氮负荷[1 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)]和不同的双重抑制策略下启动并连续运行两个序批式反应器(sequencing batch reactors,SBRs).结果表明在温度35℃±1℃,进水氨氮负荷为1 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)的条件下,FA和DO的双重抑制和FNA和DO的双重抑制均可成功实现高氨氮废水稳定的部分亚硝化,出水NO-2-N/NH+4-N接近1,NO-3-N浓度接近于零,满足ANAMMOX反应的进水基质要求.R1反应器在DO和FA的控制策略下,亚硝氮氧化速率从28.16mg·(g·h)~(-1)减小到0.3 mg·(g·h)~(-1)(以NO-2-N计,下同),而氨氧化速率减小43.60%,最终稳定在20 mg·(g·h)~(-1)(以NH+4-N计,下同)左右.R2反应器在DO和FNA的控制策略下,亚硝氮氧化速率从12.37 mg·(g·h)~(-1)降至0.02 mg·(g·h)~(-1),而氨氧化速率仍维持在较高水平[45 mg·(g·h)~(-1)].DO和FNA双重抑制的系统与DO和高FA双重抑制的系统相比,具有富集时间短,AOB活性高,运行稳定性强等优点,更适用于启动部分亚硝化系统及维持系统稳定性.     

CAST工艺处理低温低碳氮比市政污水中试研究

我国北方某县城采用CAST工艺处理市政污水,由于工业废水、洗浴及供暖的地热水直接排放到市政管网,导致污水厂实际进水C/N在1.4左右,且水质波动较大,改造前污水厂CAST工艺中污泥浓度过低,出水碳氮磷等指标均不达标。中试研究将原来的CAST池进行了改造,改造后的CAST工艺通过优化填料加入量及位置、控制污泥龄、增加负荷等策略,在不添加化学药剂的情况下,可高效处理低温、低C/N比市政污水,且抗冲击负荷能力强,出水COD及氮、磷等指标可稳定优于一级A标准。     

底物条件对兼氧MBR气化除磷效能的影响

以模拟养猪厂排放的高磷废水为研究对象,通过改变底物条件,考察初始C/P值、进水PO3-4-P浓度对兼氧MBR气化除磷效能的影响。结果表明:底物条件对兼氧MBR气化除磷效能的影响显著,初始C/P值过高或过低都不利于磷酸盐的去除与磷化氢的生成。当初始C/P为50时,兼氧MBR反应器对磷酸盐的去除率达到最高,平均去除率为34.22%,磷化氢的产量也达到最高,平均为277.5μg/L。同时,在碳源充足的条件下,当进水ρ(PO3-4-P)浓度为40mg/L时,兼氧MBR反应器对磷酸盐的去除率达到最高,磷化氢的产量也达到最高。工艺适用性分析表明,兼氧MBR气化除磷工艺适用于处理养殖废水、屠宰废水、肉食品加工废水等碳源充足的高磷污(废)水。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域不同水体氢氧同位素特征

研究黄土丘陵沟壑区不同水体间同位素特征及水体转化关系,可以更好了解黄土丘陵沟壑区水循环特征,为评价区域环境、气候、生态建设和水资源形成机制提供依据.通过野外采集2017年整年生态建设治理条件良好的韭园沟研究区降水、河水及浅层地下水中δD和δ18O日及月平均数据及相关气象资料,运用稳定同位素技术,分析了不同水体中稳定氢氧同位素的组成关系、影响因子及时空变化,结合二端元混合模型揭示了研究区不同水体中稳定同位素间转化特征.结果显示:河水氘盈余参数在观测期间内呈现出随海拔升高而增大的趋势,河水δ18O值随着距河源距离的增大而富集,随着高度的递增而降低;气温、风速、相对湿度和降水量对大气降水氢氧同位素值均影响显著;河水在非汛期表现为降水和浅层地下水补给河水,比例分别为46%和54%,在汛期为河水和降水补给浅层地下水,比例分别为60%和40%.表明研究区"降水-河水-浅层地下水"间具有良好转化关系,生态建设措施的实施对小流域不同水体转化产生了一定影响.通过以上结果可为流域水资源开发保护及流域生态水文过程研究提供帮助,为建立黄土丘陵沟壑区流域水循环模型提供依据.     

Winter storm-related injuries in Oklahoma, January 2007

Introduction

A January 2007 ice storm occurred in Oklahoma, causing power outages and hazardous travel conditions. The objective of this investigation was to describe the nature of winter storm-related injuries among Oklahoma residents, to determine populations at risk, and to inform prevention-planning personnel.

Methods

Winter storm-related injuries were a temporarily reportable condition; all acute-care hospitals and the state medical examiner logged storm-related injuries and deaths during January 12 − 30, 2007. Medical records were retrospectively abstracted.Risk of injury was described by demographic group, injury type, and mechanism.

Results

Among 6,047 persons experiencing winter storm-related injuries, 74% were injured in falls, 13% in motor-vehicle collisions (MVCs), 8% while sledding, 1% by unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning, 1% in cleanup activities, and 3% by other mechanisms. Median age of injured persons was 39 years. Persons aged ≥ 40 years were 1.4 times more likely to experience falls as the cause of injury than those aged < 40 years, and falls were twice as likely as other mechanisms to cause fractures among persons aged ≥ 40 years. Injured persons aged < 40 years were 2.2 times more likely to experience MVC-related injuries, and 19 times more likely to experience sledding-related injuries than persons aged ≥ 40 years.

Conclusions

Younger persons were more likely injured in MVCs and sledding incidents, whereas older persons were more likely to experience falls and fractures.

Impact on industry

Prevention messages for winter storm-related injuries should target winter-driving safety tips to younger adults and precautions regarding falls to older adults.     

聚酰胺复合纳滤膜的制备及除盐研究

以聚砜超滤膜为支撑膜,分别采用1,6-己二胺、邻苯二胺和哌嗪为水相功能单体,均苯三甲酰氯（TMC）为油相功能单体,通过界面聚合法制备了纳滤膜。通过过膜试验,比较了三种配方制得纳滤膜的水通量和脱盐效率;并对纳滤膜功能层聚哌嗪均苯三甲酰胺进行深入研究,探讨了哌嗪与TMC界面聚合反应的最佳胺氯比。实验结果表明,哌嗪与TMC界面聚合反应制得的纳滤膜性能优于其他两种配方,并且当两者的胺氯比约为10∶1时,所制得的复合膜具有最佳脱盐效果。     

Crustacean habitat potential mapping in a tidal flat using remote sensing and GIS

To make a macrofaunal (crustacean) habitat potential map, the spatial distribution of ecological variables in the Hwangdo tidal flat, Korea, was explored. Spatial variables were mapped using remote sensing and a geographic information system (GIS) combined with field observations. A frequency ratio (FR) and logistic regression (LR) model were employed to map the macrofauna potential area for the Ilyoplax dentimerosa, a crustacean species. Spatial variables affecting the tidal macrofauna distribution were selected based on abundance and biomass and used within a spatial database derived from remotely sensed data of various types of sensors. The spatial variables included the intertidal digital elevation model (DEM), slope, distance from a tidal channel, tidal channel density, surface sediment facies, spectral reflectance of the near infrared (NIR) bands and the tidal exposure duration. The relation between the I. dentimerosa and each spatial variable was calculated using the FR and LR. The species was randomly divided into a training set (70%) to analyse habitat potential using FR and LR and a test set (30%) to validate the predicted habitat potential map. The relations were overlaid to produce a habitat potential map with the species potential index (SPI) value for each pixel. The potential habitat maps were compared with the surveyed habitat locations such as validation data set. The comparison results showed that the LR model (accuracy is 85.28%) is better in prediction than the FR (accuracy is 78.96%) model. The performance of models gave satisfactory accuracies. The LR provides the quantitative influence of variables on a potential habitat of species; otherwise, the FR shows the quantitative influence of a class in each variable. The combination of a GIS-based frequency ratio and logistic regression models and remote sensing with field observations is an effective method to determine locations favorable for macrofaunal species occurrences in a tidal flat.