Improved research-scale foam generator design and performance characterization

The release of a cryogenic, flammable liquid, such as LNG, poses a threat to individuals in the area of the release as well as responders who attempt to limit the damage of the release. The most common mitigation technique is high-expansion foam which can be used to blanket the liquid, reducing the accumulation of flammable vapor above the pool through a number of different mechanisms. Despite the effectiveness of high-expansion foam blanketing, there are many aspects of the interaction between foam and LNG that are unknown. A lab-scale high-expansion foam generator has been developed to allow the study of those interactions. Additionally, the novel foam generator design addresses many of the drawbacks of industrial-scale foam generators and allows researchers better control of the foam, while producing foam at rates that are conducive to lab applications. Foam was produced using the generator and expansion ratio and foam stability were measured to determine the quality. The generator was able to produce foam with expansion ratio between 298 and 892 that collapsed at an average rate of 0.4 cm per minute. This quality of the foam is comparable to industrial-scale foam generators and the foam production rate is between 1.2 and 2.2 m³/min, which fits lab-scale needs. The foam generator can also be used with other types of non-firefighting foam, such as decontamination foam for chemical, biological, or nuclear decontamination.     

生石灰对福寿螺的毒性效应研究

通过室内毒性试验,探索了生石灰对不同大小福寿螺的毒性效应。试验中将福寿螺按照壳高（H）分为小螺（5 mm≤H〈15 mm）、中螺（15 mm≤H〈25 mm）、大螺（25 mm≤H〈35 mm）和超大螺（35 mm≤H〈45 mm）,结果表明：（1）生石灰的控螺效应显著,尤其是对中小福寿螺具很强的抑制和杀灭作用;生石灰处理6 d,除了最低质量浓度0.05 g.L-1处理造成35%死亡率,其他处理死亡率均在70%以上,其中0.20、0.50、1.00和2.00 g.L-1处理中超过90%的福寿螺死亡。（2）生石灰对不同大小福寿螺的半抑制质量浓度（24 h）大小顺序为超大螺〉中螺、大螺〉小螺,半致死质量浓度（24 h）大小顺序为超大螺〉大螺〉中螺〉小螺;（3）生石灰对福寿螺的毒性以抑制效应为主,生石灰对福寿螺的平均半抑制质量浓度为0.06～0.22 g.L-1,低于平均半致死质量浓度0.11～1.09 g.L-1;（4）0.50 g.L-1和2.00 g.L-1质量浓度的石灰处理12 h后,福寿螺鰓组织SOD酶活性呈极显著下降,分别为对照的33%和38%。研究表明,生石灰可用于防治入侵生物福寿螺,在实践中可部分替代杀螺剂的使用。     

亚热带和温带生态条件下水稻生长速率和产量的相关性研究

在亚热带生态环境下的云南省宾川县和温带环境下的韩国水原市,2002和2003年对中国和韩国筛选出的4个水稻（Oryza sativa）高产品种进行了生长速率和产量的相关性研究,结果表明：在亚热带和温带的两种生态条件下水稻品种的叶面积指数和收获指数相近,但亚热带生态条件下实际产量和生长速率分别比温带条件下高3．06t·hm^-2和7．09g·m^-2·d^-1,产量高50．75％和生长速率高58．22％,差异达极显著水平。在亚热带条件下,移栽到移栽后20d、孕穗到抽穗的生长速率的增加能极显著提高水稻产量,以移栽到移栽后20d的生长速率影响最大,抽穗后20d生长速率的增加能增加水稻产量,但不显著。在施肥比例,基肥：分蘖肥：孕穗肥：穗肥：O％：50％：30％：20％的氮肥施用方式和稀植（30cmx14cm）条件下获得该生态区的最高产量和最大生长速率,分别为9．26t·hm^-2、19．53g·m^-2·d^-1;在温带条件下,移栽到抽穗的生长速率的增加能显著提高水稻产量,以移栽后21d到孕穗的生长速率影响最大,抽穗后20d生长速率的增加反而减低水稻产量,但不显著,氮肥施用方式基肥：分蘖肥：孕穗肥：穗肥=50％：20％：30％：0％和密植（20cm×14cm）条件下获得该生态区的最高产量和最大生长速率,分别为6．31t·hm^-2、12．00g·m^-2·d^-1。     

基于发光细菌的细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))可溶性提取液综合生物效应测试方法及其应用

为科学评估PM_(2.5)对生物体综合生物效应,研究建立了利用费氏弧菌检测PM_(2.5)水溶性提取液的毒性测试方法,确立了PM_(2.5)样品提取液发光细菌毒性测试实验质量控制办法。对春节烟花爆竹燃放和沙尘污染过程的PM_(2.5)实样测试表明:烟花爆竹燃放期间的PM_(2.5)样品提取液发光抑制率值与微量金属元素等有毒有害组分浓度显著相关;沙尘污染期间的PM_(2.5)样本提取液中地壳元素浓度和发光抑制率值显著不相关。     

氯酚类化合物对紫背浮萍生长及叶绿素含量的影响

以我国本土水生植物紫背浮萍为受试物种,利用其生长抑制和叶绿素含量的变化评价了3种氯酚类化合物的毒性效应.结果显示:2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)和五氯酚(PCP)对紫背浮萍的96h IC50值分别为12.73,8.49,1.12mg/L.根据化学物质对水生生物毒性分级标准,3种物质均为高毒.2,4-DCP,2,4,6-TCP和PCP对紫背浮萍基于叶绿素含量变化的最大可接受浓度(MATC)分别为2.24,1.58, 0.35mg/L,对应的急慢性毒性比(ACR)分别为5.68,5.37和3.20.     

Influence of some parameters on adsorption rate and toxicity of cadmium in activated sludge

The influence of pH, competitor ions (NaNO₃) and aerobic and anaerobic stabilization of activated sludge on the cadmium uptake by activated sludge solids was investigated. Above 0.08 mg L^‐1 cadmium in solution, biosorption was found to follow the Freundlich isotherm. Active cellular uptake of soluble cadmium does not appear to be a significant mechanism of the biosorption. In addition, the cadmium uptake is not completely reversible. The adsorption of cadmium by activated sludge seems to involve a physico‐chemical mechanism with especially weak electrostatic interactions with ion‐exchange reaction. The optimum adsorption pH was 7.5. Adsorption is influenced by sodium ion concentrations up to an equivalent conductivity of 10 000 μS cm^‐1. Aerobic and anaerobic stabilization of activated sludge increase systematically the initial adsorption capacities. Respirometric measurements were done to evaluate the inhibitive effects of cadmium on activated sludge. Monod's equation and the equation of non‐competitive inhibition were used to describe the toxicity related to cadmium uptake. These two equations appear to be complementary.     

Nanotechnology in cosmetics: a boon or bane?

Recent advances in the field of nanotechnology enabled the manufacturing of elaborated nanometer-sized particles for various biomedical applications. The cosmetic industry is one of the most enthusiastic early adopters of nanotechnology which routinely uses nano-scale ingredients. However, in the absence of mandatory product labeling, it is difficult to estimate the number of cosmetics, sunscreens and personal care products containing nanoparticles that are now commercially available. The increased capacity of nanoparticles to penetrate skin and gain access to human cells is a double-edged sword as it may be useful for medical purposes, but might also result in far greater uptake of substances that exert adverse health effects. Since nanomaterials represent a large group of structurally, physically, and chemically variable substances, specific toxicological studies are required for each product prior to commercialization. This review aims to delineate the most investigated applications, risk and safety considerations, and regulation of nanotechnology in the field of cosmetics.     

Effect of dietary factors and environmental chemicals on intestinal drug metabolizing enzymes

The liver is the major site of metabolism of foreign chemicals, but contribution from intestinal biotransformation can influence the overall disposition of chemicals. The intestinal drug‐metabolizing enzymes are located in the endoplasmic reticulum and they possess biochemical properties similar to those of the hepatic system. In general, the rate of in vitro metabolism of drug substrates in intestines is lower than in the liver. There seem to be differences in regulation and induction of hepatic and intestinal drug‐metabolizing enzymes. The in vitro intestinal metabolism of foreign chemicals is affected by several factors including the nutritional status of the animal. Dietary components such as vitamins, lipids and vegetables can modify the activities of intestinal drug‐metabolizing enzymes. Phenobarbital or 3‐methyl‐cholanthrene (3‐MC) pre‐treatment induces the hepatic metabolism of a wide variety of drug substrates in a number of species, while the stimulation of intestinal enzymes is both substrate and species specific. Rabbit intestinal drug‐metabolizing enzymes seem to be resistant to induction by foreign chemicals.     

环丙沙星对3种作物的毒性

为了研究环丙沙星对作物的毒性效应,为其可能对农业生产带来的风险提供评价依据,采用急性毒性实验方法,研究了环丙沙星对3种作物(玉米、萝卜和小白菜)种子发芽、根伸长及芽伸长的影响。结果表明,在环丙沙星作用下,3种作物的根伸长抑制率和芽伸长抑制率与药物浓度显著相关(P<0.05),发芽抑制率与药物浓度不相关(P>0.05);药物对根伸长及芽伸长的抑制高于对种子发芽的抑制;环丙沙星对玉米、萝卜和小白菜的根伸长和芽伸长的ID50(抑制率为50%时污染物浓度)分别为7.97、2.51、1.48mg·kg-1和11.23、2.90、1.95mg·kg-1,3种作物在环丙沙星的胁迫下,其敏感性顺序为:小白菜>萝卜>玉米。     

江苏省水稻秸秆资源量及其可收集量估算

以江苏省23个主要水稻品种为研究对象,对不同品种类型、种植方式和单产水平的水稻进行取样调查,分析不同生产条件下的水稻草谷比及不同留茬高度下的秸秆可收集量,结合相关统计资料估算江苏省水稻秸秆资源量及其可收集量。结果表明,水稻草谷比在不同品种类型间差异较小（0.98～1.03）,不同种植方式（0.80～1.19）和不同单产水平（0.83～1.12）间差异较大;当留茬高度为5、15、20和25 cm时,水稻秸秆可收集系数分别为0.815～0.868、0.668～0.732、0.600～0.669和0.533～0.618,水稻秸秆可收集量分别为1 352.16×104～1 458.09×104、1 145.70×104～1 228.13×104、1 043.20×104～1 121.52×104和951.37×104～1 021.30×104 t。估算得到2009年江苏省水稻秸秆资源量（以干质量计）为1 585.93×104～1 704.92×104 t,比传统方法的估算结果高2.45%～10.14%。江苏省水稻秸秆资源丰富,可收集量主要受留茬高度和种植方式的影响。