CHANNEL CHANGES DOWNSTREAM FROM A DAM1

ABSTRACT: A flood-control dam was completed during 1979 on Bear Creek, a small tributary stream to the South Platte River in the Denver, Colorado, area. Before and after dam closure, repetitive surveys between 1977 and 1992 at five cross sections downstream of the dam documented changes in channel morphology. During this 15-year period, channel width increased slightly, but channel depth increased by more than 40 percent. Within the study reach, stream gradient decreased and median bed material sizes coarsened from sand in the pools and fine gravel on the rime to a median coarse gravel throughout the reach. The most striking visual change was from a sparse growth of streamside grasses to a dense growth of riparian woody vegetation.     

大坝安全监测的现状与发展趋势

阐述了大坝安全监测的内涵及意义。分别从大坝安全监测的内容、思维、分析方法和技术手段四个方面介绍了大坝安全监测的现状和发展趋势,并指出自动化、数字化、一体化、效益化是大坝安全监测的最终发展方向。     

填埋垃圾初始含水率对渗滤液产量的影响及修正渗滤液产量计算公式

我国填埋场设计阶段,渗滤液产量计算结果往往偏小.参照山谷型填埋场,建立了一个长400 m,宽500 m的水量平衡计算模型,模型中垃圾体高50 m,分5个填埋阶段,每阶段填高10 m,用时2 a,共填埋10 a.利用该模型,分阶段计算填埋垃圾初始含水率对渗滤液来源组成和总产量的影响.渗滤液总产量由降雨入渗量和垃圾自身渗滤液产量组成,初始含水率越高,垃圾自身渗滤液产量和渗滤液总产量越大,垃圾自身渗滤液产量所占渗滤液总产量的比例也越高.当填埋垃圾初始含水率分别为27%、40%、50%和60%时,日平均渗滤液总产量分别为272、583、823和1 063 m3.d-1,垃圾自身渗滤液产量分别为-144、168、408和647 m3.d-1.垃圾初始含水率高于50%时,自身渗滤液产量占渗滤液总产量的比例超过50%,成为渗滤液总产量的主要部分.目前中国规范中采用的渗滤液产量计算方法,未考虑垃圾自身渗滤液产量,当填埋垃圾初始含水率较高时,计算结果偏小.基于上述水量平衡分析结果,进一步提出了包括垃圾自身渗滤液产量的修正计算公式,并通过2个大型中国南方填埋场的现场实测数据进行了验证.     

筋带密度对尾矿坝漫顶破坏规律影响研究

基于相似理论和溃决侵蚀原理,进行不同加筋密度条件下尾矿坝洪水漫顶破坏模 型试验,探析了筋带密度对尾矿坝漫顶破坏影响规律。试验结果发现:①随着筋带密度 的增加显著提升了尾矿坝的力学强度,但也导致了坝体内的浸润线升高;②筋带密度的 增加使溃口由“Y”型逐渐向“H”型转变;③筋带密度的增加阻滞了漫坝破坏的发展, 坝体位移及内部应力变化量明显减小;④增加筋带密度提高了坝体的抗冲刷能力,减弱 了洪水对蚀沟两岸尾砂的拉拽作用,保证了蚀沟两翼坝体的稳定;⑤随着筋带密度增加 ,可有效减小坝体位移和溃口深度、宽度的发展,当筋带超过2层后,筋带层数的增加 对坝体溃口宽、深基本无影响。研究成果深入探析了筋带密度对漫顶破坏影响规律,在 尾矿坝加筋研究方面提供了科学依据。     

加速量热仪在物质热稳定性研究中的应用

加速量热仪（ARC）是一种基于绝热原理设计的热分析仪器,与其它热分析仪器相比,加速量热仪可以测量克量级的固体或高闪点液体样品,具有测试样品最大,敏感度高等特点,并能够实时记录样品放热反应过程中的温度和压力变化,以过氧化氢叔丁基为例说明加速量热仪测试结果在研究物质质变热稳定性方面的应用,得到了过氧化氢叔丁基放热分解反应的温度－时间和压力－时间关系曲线以及升温速度和压力随温度变化的曲线,通过计算和分析得到了反应系统升压速率随压力的变化曲线,计算出了过氧化氢叔丁基分解反应的动力学参数表观活化能Ea和指前因子A。     

基于无人机摄影测量的尾矿坝边坡表面变形监测

为弥补传统基于GPS/GNSS的单点监测方式无法反映尾矿坝整体变形的局限性,提出1种结合坝坡现有位移监测系统的无人机尾矿坝边坡表面变形监测方法.利用单镜头轻小型多旋翼无人机和计算机视觉技术对尾矿坝的空间三维地理信息进行数据采集与重建;基于设置在坝坡表面的位移人工监测点(水泥桩)对多期尾矿坝点云数据进行配准;通过对不同时...     

SIMULATED EFFECTS OF ALTERED SPILLWAY RELEASES ON THERMAL STRUCTURE AND KOKANEE GROWTH IN A COLORADO RESERVOIR1

ABSTRACT: In‐reservoir thermal and ecological effects of releasing some flows over the surface spillway at Blue Mesa Reservoir, Colorado, rather than routing all releases through the hypolimnetic outlet were evaluated using a calibrated and validated one‐dimensional thermal model (CE‐THERM) with a set of ecological models. Thermal model output indicated that surface water temperatures were influenced primarily by atmospheric conditions, but the release of warmer water over the spillway resulted in a thinner epilimnion and cooler metalimnetic water temperatures. Ecological model predictions indicated that spillway releases and associated temperatures resulted in lower growth rates for young‐of‐year (YOY) kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the reservoir by up to 9 percent when compared with growth rates under baseline operations with no releases over the spillway. Kokanee growth rates were reduced under spillway release scenarios because lower temperatures not only affected metabolic rates, but limited the productivity of the zooplankton as well. Thus, altering the release regime with spillway discharges could have deleterious effects on Blue Mesa's YOY kokanee. However, in other reservoirs, distributing discharges among different elevations may provide managers with a mechanism to regulate temperatures to benefit species of concern that are facing challenges imposed by environmental conditions such as global warming.     

Sustainable design of sanitation system based on material and value flow analysis for urban slum in Indonesia

Material flow analysis (MFA) and value flow analysis (VFA) were applied to the sanitation system in an urban slum in Indonesia. Based on the results of the MFA and VFA, garbage and excreta disposal costs were evaluated to be 0.7% and 1.1%, respectively, of per capita income. Such value flows seem reasonable in light of the recognized affordability to pay (ATP) standard. However, current excreta disposal methods create negative impacts on downstream populations. Because such disadvantages do not go back to disposers, but passed to downstream, the current value flow structure does not motivate individual toilet users to install treatment facility. Based on current material and value flow structures, a resource recycling sanitation system scenario was examined. Based on VFA, an affordable initial cost for such a system was calculated; this was found to be comparable in price to a cheaper composting toilet that is currently available in the market.     

雨水斗截污装置对屋面初期雨水净化规律及关键参数设计

在西安市某文教区屋面排水立管设径流采样点,雨期采用人工时间间隔采样法采集径流水样,对2016年8月—2016年11月3场屋面径流SS、COD、TN、NH₃-N、TP、浊度、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni、Cr等污染指标进行监测,界定了初期雨水的概念并根据屋面初期雨水水质、水量特征、雨水斗构造设计屋面雨水截污装置,研究了该截污装置的透水性能、工作状态、截污效果和清洗更换周期。结果表明：将暴雨次降雨前30~40 min、大雨和小雨次降雨前40~50 min雨水定义为初期雨水;土工布单位面积质量越大,透水能力越小,且其过滤通量与过滤水头呈线性关系;在不发生溢流的情况下,500 g·m⁻²的土工布制成的截污装置过滤出水可满足《生活杂用水水质标准》(GB/T 18920-2002)要求;为避免5年一遇的暴雨下屋面积水,截污装置上部溢流孔孔口面积至少应为0.015 4 m²,须至少保证有效过滤区高度为568 mm。研究为缓解西安等干旱、半干旱地区用水紧张问题提供参考。     

TWO-DIMENSIONAL DAM-BREAK FLOOD-FLOW ANALYSIS FOR ORANGE COUNTY RESERVOIR1

ABSTRACT: A two-dimensional dam-break model was used to predict the inundated area on an alluvial fan downslope from the Orange County Reservoir. The model is based upon a diffusion form of the continuity and momentum equations for long waves in shallow water, and the governing equation is solved by an explicit numerical scheme. In a comparison with a one-dimensional model, the two-dimensional model predicts a wider inundated area.