政府环境规制下的企业治理动机与公众参与外部性研究

本文构建了多主体参与环境治理的动态一般均衡模型,进行了政府环境规制下的企业内生治理动机研究与公众参与外部性的分析,模拟结果显示,企业内生治理动机、社会福利等不同目标下对应的最优环境税率存在明显差异。随着政府环境税率的不断上升,企业环境技术研发投入会先上升后下降,当环境研发投入水平达到最大时,政府所征收的环境税完全激发了企业的内生治理动机。在环境税率提高的初期,研发引致的环境技术进步使得企业的全要素生产率得以提高,经济产出不断增加,社会福利水平得到增进。当环境税率上升到一定数值之后,环境税带来的资源配置扭曲效应高于环境负外部性的改善效应,对于经济而言,环境税成为扭曲性税收,并会降低社会福利水平。因此,应在保证经济增长和社会福利增进的同时有效激励企业内在治理动机,将环境税率设定在适当水平。本文还模拟了政府与公众参与的组合对于社会福利的影响情况,与仅考虑政府环境规制政策的情形相对比,政府征收环境税和社会组织参与的共同作用可以使得社会福利提高,充分表明了公众参与环境治理存在着正外部性。环境社会组织在一定程度上可以降低政府信息不对称等因素,改善环境治理状况。环境组织的参与还能够使得环境税所带来的环境治理改善和生产效率提高的双重红利逐渐释放。因此,在发挥政府规制与市场调节功能的同时,充分发挥环境社会组织和公众在环境治理中的作用,是改善环境质量、提高公众福利的重要方式。     

Assessment of mammal reproduction for hunting sustainability through community‐based sampling of species in the wild

Wildlife subsistence hunting is a major source of protein for tropical rural populations and a prominent conservation issue. The intrinsic rate of natural increase. (r_max) of populations is a key reproductive parameter in the most used assessments of hunting sustainability. However, researchers face severe difficulties in obtaining reproductive data in the wild, so these assessments often rely on classic reproductive rates calculated mostly from studies of captive animals conducted 30 years ago. The result is a flaw in almost 50% of studies, which hampers management decision making. We conducted a 15‐year study in the Amazon in which we used reproductive data from the genitalia of 950 hunted female mammals. Genitalia were collected by local hunters. We examined tissue from these samples to estimate birthrates for wild populations of the 10 most hunted mammals. We compared our estimates with classic measures and considered the utility of the use of r_max in sustainability assessments. For woolly monkey (Lagothrix poeppigii) and tapir (Tapirus terrestris), wild birthrates were similar to those from captive populations, whereas birthrates for other ungulates and lowland‐paca (Cuniculus paca) were significantly lower than previous estimates. Conversely, for capuchin monkeys (Sapajus macrocephalus), agoutis (Dasyprocta sp.), and coatis (Nasua nasua), our calculated reproductive rates greatly exceeded often‐used values. Researchers could keep applying classic measures compatible with our estimates, but for other species previous estimates of r_max may not be appropriate. We suggest that data from local studies be used to set hunting quotas. Our maximum rates of population growth in the wild correlated with body weight, which suggests that our method is consistent and reliable. Integration of this method into community‐based wildlife management and the training of local hunters to record pregnancies in hunted animals could efficiently generate useful information of life histories of wild species and thus improve management of natural resources.     

基于文献计量的国内危险化学品信息化监管主题与热点分析

为提升危化品安全信息化监管建设能力与本质安全水平,通过文献计量法和CiteSpace软件,采用关键词共现和聚类归纳对危化品领域及技术研究趋势进行分析.结果表明:危化品安全信息化监管研究自1998年共经历萌芽、发展、摆动3个阶段,但高质量成果较少;在当前新兴信息技术和传统评价分析技术相结合的新型研究模式下,着重突出物联网...     

The values of biological diversity: a travelogue

Biological diversity is an abstract, scientific concept and both evaluating its condition and, to great extent, justifying its conservation requires expert knowledge. Accordingly, regulating and managing biological diversity presupposes standardisation and methods for managing uncertainty. To be acted on, the concept must be promoted, passing, in this process, through various institutions, such as intergovernmental organisations and national administrations. This paper examines how the principle of biological diversity conservation is defined, focusing on the values of biological diversity and how this notion has ‘travelled the world’. The paper includes a study of how the principle of biological diversity was applied in a specific case of insect control in Sweden.     

氮掺杂碳催化剂活化过一硫酸盐的活性位点分析及其对双酚A的降解机制

为了探究氮掺杂碳催化剂中不同类型缺陷点位在活化过一硫酸盐((PMS))时的反应活性,以碳黑和二氰二胺混合物为前驱体,通过热解得到了一系列不同氮掺杂量的碳催化剂(CN_x),并对所制备催化剂的缺陷度、化学组分以及PMS活化性能进行了研究。结果表明,增加碳催化剂中的高活性氮杂质缺陷点位可有效促进催化剂的PMS活化性能;不同本征缺陷点位对PMS活化性能也表现出显著差异。活性物种淬灭实验、顺磁共振分析和电化学分析等结果表明,CN_x/PMS体系对双酚A(BPA)的降解过程遵循以单线态氧(¹O₂)为主导的非自由基途径,催化剂表面的电子传递机制也有一定贡献。以上研究结果可为识别氮掺杂碳催化剂中的活性点位和高活性催化剂的定向合成提供参考。     

Control of petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater by intrinsic and enhanced bioremediation

In the first phase of this study, the e ectiveness of intrinsic bioremediation on the containment of petroleum hydrocarbons was evaluated at a gasoline spill site. Evidences of the occurrence of intrinsic bioremediation within the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) plume included (1) decreased BTEX concentrations; (2) depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, and sulfate; (3) production of dissolved ferrous iron, methane, and CO2; (4) deceased pH and redox potential; and (5) increased methanogens, total heterotrophs, and total anaerobes, especially within the highly contaminated areas. In the second phase of this study, enhanced aerobic bioremediation process was applied at site to enhance the BTEX decay rates. Air was injected into the subsurface near the mid-plume area to biostimulate the naturally occurring microorganisms for BTEX biodegradation. Field results showed that enhanced bioremediation process caused the change of BTEX removal mechanisms from anaerobic biodegradation inside the plume to aerobic biodegradation. This variation could be confirmed by the following field observations inside the plume due to the enhanced aerobic bioremediation process: (1) increased in DO, CO2, redox potential, nitrate, and sulfate, (2) decreased in dissolved ferrous iron, sulfide, and methane, (3) increased total heterotrophs and decreased total anaerobes. Field results also showed that the percentage of total BTEX removal increased from 92% to 99%, and the calculated total BTEX first-order natural attenuation rates increased from 0.0092% to 0.0188% per day, respectively, after the application of enhanced bioremediation system from the spill area to the downgradient area (located approximately 300 m from the source area).     

湿式除尘器氢气爆炸事故控制研究*

为降低铝合金湿式除尘系统发生氢气爆炸事故的风险,提出1种氢气抑制的方法用来降低铝合金湿式除尘系统发生氢气爆炸事故的可能性。选取柠檬酸钠作为抑制剂开展抑氢实验研究,得到不同浓度的柠檬酸钠溶液随时间变化的抑氢曲线。当柠檬酸钠溶液浓度为0.4~4 g/L时,能有效抑制铝合金粉尘与水的反应。通过扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和能量色散谱（energy dispersive spectroscopy,EDS)分析对铝合金粉与柠檬酸钠溶液反应后的产物进行表征。最后,对本文提出的抑氢方法的经济性进行分析,明确该方法在节约安全投入方面具有非常明显的优势。抑氢本质化安全设计方法为控制铝合金湿式除尘系统氢气爆炸事故提供了1种新的思路,同时也可被控制核反应堆氢气爆炸事故所借鉴。     

煤炭企业差序格局下员工安全行为路径研究*

为促进煤炭企业员工安全行为,减少生产安全事故,基于差序格局理论、资源保存理论和自我决定理论,构建差序式领导、组织认同、安全动机和员工安全行为的链式中介模型。通过路径检验和Bootstrap方法,对367名煤炭企业基层员工的有效问卷数据进行统计分析,探讨激发员工安全行为的有效路径。研究结果表明:煤炭企业中的差序式领导可正向影响员工安全遵从行为和安全参与行为,且对安全参与行为的促进作用更强;组织认同和安全动机在差序式领导与员工安全遵从行为、安全参与行为的关系中存在独立中介和链式中介作用,且相较于组织认同,安全动机的独立中介作用更强。研究结果可为建立合理的差序标准、采取适度偏私手段提供参考。     

商场工作人员自我效能感与火灾时行为的结构方程模型分析*

为充分发挥商场工作人员在火灾风险下的疏导作用,提高疏散效率。引入火灾安全意识、行为选择动机、火灾认知能力为中介变量,研究商场工作人员自我效能感与火灾时的有利行为、不利行为之间的关系,构建结构方程模型;对西安市某大型商场212名工作人员进行问卷调查,运用Amos24.0软件进行分析。研究结果表明:自我效能感主要通过火灾安全意识、行为选择动机、火灾认知能力对商场工作人员发生火灾时的行为产生影响,这3个中介变量对商场工作人员发生火灾时的有利行为呈显著正相关,对不利行为呈显著负相关;火灾认知能力对商场工作人员发生火灾时的有利行为影响最大,行为选择动机对商场工作人员发生火灾时的不利行为影响最大。研究结果可为商场火灾安全疏散管理提供有效依据,对商场火灾疏散具有重要意义。     

Masters of the long haul: Pursuing long‐term work goals

We investigate work motivation in the unstudied domain of individuals who pursue very long‐term goals. We highlight the fact that the preponderance of research findings on the psychology of work motivation is based on short‐term studies and discuss the potential relevance to long‐term motivation of literatures including long‐term thinking and time horizons, long‐term goals and goal pursuit, and self‐regulation. We adopt the qualitative research strategy of theory elaboration, with a specific intention of elaborating goal‐setting theory. Analysis of interview data from a unique sample of scientists and others pursuing goals spanning decades or more yielded a structure of psychological factors that can enhance, support, and sustain motivation for the long term. Reconciling our findings with existing goal theories, we develop an integrative model of motivating factors and self‐regulation processes underlying long‐term goal pursuit. We discuss the implications, including an expanded focus for our field on motivating people for the long run. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.