Simulated Impacts of Climate Change on Current Farming Locations of Striped Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus; Sauvage) in the Mekong Delta,Vietnam

In Vietnam, culturing striped catfish makes an important contribution to the Mekong Delta’s economy. Water level rise during rainy season and salt intrusion during dry season affect the water exchange and quality for this culture. Sea level rise as a consequence of climate change will worsen these influences. In this study, water level rise and salt water intrusion for three sea level rise (SLR) scenarios (i.e., +30, +50, and +75 cm) were simulated. The results showed that at SLR +50, the 3-m-flood level would spread downstream and threaten farms located in AnGiang, DongThap and CanTho provinces. Rising salinity levels for SLR +75 would reduce the window appropriate for the culture in SocTrang and BenTre provinces, and in TienGiang’s coastal districts. Next to increasing dikes to reduce the impacts, the most tenable and least disruptive option to the farming community would be to shift to a salinity tolerant strain of catfish.     

平流层臭氧深度侵入对典型城区的影响过程分析

中纬度平流层臭氧深度侵入是造成对流层至近地面臭氧浓度突增的原因之一。筛选春夏季臭氧浓度升高时段的高分辨率大气再分析数据ERA5,以位涡值的下沉趋势分析了对流层顶折叠位置及变化过程;以AIRS数据反演了臭氧浓度、一氧化碳浓度和相对湿度的垂直廓线,并估计了其分布及相关性;以近地表污染物浓度变化、HYSPLIT模型后向轨迹分析结果证实了臭氧侵入气团的运移轨迹和局地效应;通过激光雷达监测结果观测臭氧垂直浓度分布,确定了臭氧浓度最大值所处高度,判定了受影响近地点的浓度升高时刻;以边界层高度变化、气象条件分析结果及当地与周边城市地面监测数据的逐小时变化情况等综合信息,进行了区域确认和近地面影响判定。通过以上数值综合分析,对城市地区受平流层臭氧深度侵入影响的过程和具体时间进行了详细再现,可为排除非人为排放因素导致的近地表臭氧浓度增加提供回溯分析,为臭氧污染防控决策提供依据。     

Effects of climate and land use changes on groundwater resources in coastal aquifers

To estimate the freshwater loss in coastal aquifers due to salinisation, a numerical model based on the sharp interface assumption has been introduced. The developed methodology will be useful in areas where limited hydrological data are available. This model will elaborate on the changes in fresh groundwater loss with respect to climate change, land use pattern and hydrologic soil condition. The aridity index has been introduced to represent the variations in precipitation and temperature. The interesting finding is that the deforestation leads to increase groundwater recharge in arid areas, because deforestation leads to reduce evapotranspiration even though it favors runoff. The combined climate and land use scenarios show that when the aridity index is less than 60, the agricultural lands give higher groundwater recharge than other land use patterns for all hydrologic soil conditions. The calculated recharge was then used to estimate the freshwater-saltwater interface and percentage of freshwater loss due to salinity intrusion. We found that in arid areas, the fresh groundwater loss increases as the percentage of forest cover increases. The combined effects of deforestation and aridity index on fresh groundwater loss show that deforestation causes an increase in the recharge and existing fresh groundwater resource in areas having low precipitation and high temperature (arid climates).     

INFLUENCE OF BATHYMETRIC CHANGES ON HYDRODYNAMICS AND SALT INTRUSION IN ESTUARINE SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: A vertical (laterally integrated) two‐dimensional numerical model has been applied to study the hydrodynamic characteristics and salt water intrusion in the Tanshui River estuarine system. The cross‐sectional profiles measured in 1978 and 1994 are schematized for model simulations. Detailed model calibration and verification have been conducted with water surface elevations, tidal current, salinity distributions, and residual velocities measured. The overall performance of the model is in qualitative agreement with the available field data. The model was then used to study how hydrodynamics and salt water intrusion change in response to changes in bathymetry. The model simulations indicate that more tidal energy propagates into the estuarine system in 1994 because of the substantial increase in river cross‐sections. The limits of salt intrusion in 1994 extended farther inland than those in 1978. On the other hand, the extent of mangrove wetland in the lower estuary has increased over the past 20 years and is likely a result of the increased salinity in the estuary.     

莱州湾南岸咸水入侵区生态环境分区与生态恢复研究

本文在对莱州湾南岸咸水入侵区进行区域生态分析的基础上,对研究区进行了生态环境分区,提出了研究区环境战略调整和综合治理咸水入侵灾害的关键性技术措施,并结合各分区特点,有针对性地提出了各生态环境分区生态恢复和重建的组合配套措施。     

东线南水北调工程对长江口咸水入侵影响及对策

南水北调工程是长江流域继三峡工程后的又一重大工程，工程建成后对长江河口的环境与生态有何影响以及影响程度如何是众所关注的一个重要问题。南水北调是大规模的跨流域调水，有东，中，西线三种方案，它建成后必将对长江口的自然环境产生影响，这种影响可能涉及径流，泥沙，咸水入侵，岸滩冲淤，航道，水产，渔业和生态环境等诸多方面。根据有关初步设计资料及长江河口的流量和盐度等实测资料，用统计的方法对东线南水北调调水500，700和1000m^3/s后对长江口咸水入侵的影响进行了初步预测。为了减少其不利影响，还提出了采取加快实施北支整治工程，尽快建造新的避咸蓄淡水库，确定调水的控制流量和三峡工程提前蓄水等措施，供南水北调工程决策和设计部门参考。若参采取这些措施，南水北调对咸水入侵造成的负面影响是可以缓解或抵消的。     

Spatial and temporal changes in Louisiana's Barataria Basin marshes, 1945–1980

A computerized geographic information system with site-specific change-detection capabilities was developed to document amounts, rates, locations, and sequences of loss of coastal marsh to open water in Barataria Basin, Louisiana, USA. Land-water interpretations based on 1945, 1956, 1969, and 1980 aerial photographs were used as input, and a modified version of the Earth Resources Laboratory Applications Software developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration was used as a spatial data base management system. Analysis of these data sets indicates that rates of marsh loss have increased from 0.36% per year in the 1945–56 period, to 1.03% per year in 1956–69, and to 1.96% per year in 1969–80. The patterns of marsh loss indicate that the combination of processes causing degradation of the marsh surface does not affect all areas uniformly. Marsh loss rates have been highest where freshwater marshes have been subject to saltwater intrusion. The increase in the wetland loss rates corresponds to accelerated rates of subsidence and canal dredging and to a cumulative increase in the area of canals and spoil deposits.     

MONITORING OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL HYDROCHEMICAL CHANGES IN GROUNDWATER UNDER THE CONTAMINATING EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES IN MERSIN REGION, TURKEY

The development of groundwater resources for water supply is a favored way in Turkey. The Berdan alluvial aquifer in Mersin is particularly productive, but little is known about the natural phenomena that govern the groundwater quality and the contamination sources in this region. During 2001 and 2002, water samples for chemical analysis were obtained from 27 wells and from two points of Berdan River and analyzed by ICP. Main chemical characteristics of sampled groundwater define two aquifers, which were also determined by hydrogeological investigations. The groundwater produced from some of the wells was affected by anthropogenic activities temporally and spatially by seawater intrusion. Berdan River is polluted with the wastewater discharges and river water also influences the groundwater quality.     

Saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifer ??? comparison between the CIP and MOC simulation technique

Proper management and evaluation of environmental effects for coastal groundwater aquifers require accurate estimation of salt and fresh water movement. For this we compare two numerical methods to study saltwater intrusion. The two numerical methods are the CIP (constrained interpolation profile) and the MOC (method of characteristics). The two numerical methods are used to solve the salt transport equation. The two methods are applied and compared to saltwater intrusion experiments for confined and unconfined aquifer case studies. It is found that for both cases, the CIP-method is superior in terms of calculation time while keeping an acceptable numerical accuracy.     

基于J&E/AAM模型的污染场地VOCs风险防控

土壤或地下水中挥发性有机污染物经包气带迁移后进入建筑物,导致室内污染物聚集危害人体健康.为研究场地蒸气入侵的过程及影响因素,以苯为例,借助一维J&E解析模型和二维近似解析AAM模型,探究土壤性质参数对污染场地建筑物底板处蒸气衰减系数和室内蒸气衰减系数的影响,并分析两个模型的适用条件.结果表明,室内蒸气浓度（C_in）取决于建筑物底板处蒸气浓度（C_ck）和土壤气体进入室内的速率（Q_ck）.J&E模型中,室内蒸气衰减系数（α_sin）随着地基埋深增加先减后增,而AAM模型中室内蒸气衰减系数一直呈上升趋势.毛细管的存在使蒸气衰减系数降低1~2个数量级,土壤水分也可有效阻挡蒸气向上扩散.在低渗透土壤条件下,两个模型计算的室内蒸气衰减系数均在10-4左右;在高渗透土壤条件下,建筑物底板处对流作用强烈,J&E模型建筑物底板处蒸气浓度减小,室内蒸气衰减系数在10-3左右,AAM模型建筑物底板处蒸气浓度为定值,室内蒸气衰减系数随土壤渗透系数的变化大致呈线性增长,且比J&E模型结果高1~2个数量级.研究显示,当污染场地建筑物底部对流作用强烈或在砂土、壤土类土壤中,采用J&E模型更为合理;对流较弱或在粉土、黏土中,可以采用AAM模型代替J&E模型,简化计算过程,便于进行场地风险评估.污染物蒸气在砂土中穿透力较强,而黏土层可以有效阻挡蒸气的迁移,在实际场地风险管控中,可以采用换土或表层覆盖黏土的方法阻挡蒸气的迁移.