Concentrations and distribution of novel brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere and soil of Ny-Ålesund and London Island, Svalbard, Arctic

Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were investigated in Arctic air and soil samples collected from Ny-Ålesund and London Island, Svalbard, during Chinese scientific research expeditions to the Arctic during 2014–2015. The concentrations of Σ₉NBFRs in the Arctic air and soil were 4.9–8.7 pg/m³ (average 6.8 pg/m³) and 101–201 pg/g dw (average 150 pg/g dw), respectively. The atmospheric concentration of hexabromobenzene (HBB) was significantly correlated with that of pentabromotoluene (PBT) and pentabromobenzene (PBBz), suggesting similar source and environmental fate in the Arctic air. No significant spatial difference was observed among the different sampling sites, both for air and soil samples, indicating that the effects of the scientific research stations on the occurrence of NBFRs in the Arctic were minor. The fugacities from soil to air of pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), 2,3-dibromopropyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), and decabromodiphenylethane 1,2-bis (pentabromophenyl) ethane (DBDPE) were lower than the equilibrium value, indicating a nonequilibrium state of these compounds between air and soil, the dominant impact of deposition and the net transport from air to soil. The correlation analysis between the measured and predicted soil-atmosphere coefficients based on the absorption model showed that the impact of the soil organic matter on the distribution of NBFRs in the Arctic region was minor. To the best of our knowledge, this work is one of the limited reports on atmospheric NBFRs in the Arctic and the first study to investigate the occurrence and fate of NBFRs in the Arctic soil.     

开口钢管内甲烷爆炸火焰厚度和压力发展特征

通过搭建长为20m、截面为0.08m×0.08m的非绝热开口钢管,研究了甲烷与空气预混气体发生爆炸后的火焰和压力发展特征。实验结果表明:火焰信号最强的时刻对应于火焰前锋反应区内某时刻,而火焰信号起始上升时刻与火焰前锋预热区起始时刻接近,应选择某点火焰信号起始上升时刻作为该点的火焰到达时间。随着远离点火源距离的增加,火焰厚度呈现先变薄后变厚的变化趋势,最大超压呈现先减小、后增大、再减小的趋势,火焰传播速度则呈先增大后减小的变化过程。非绝热开口钢管的实验条件对爆炸超压和火焰传播速度的影响较大。研究成果可为甲烷爆炸致灾机制及防控的研究提供参考。     

基于浓度敏感性分析的甲烷机理简化

随着数值模拟技术的发展,化学反应机理开始应用于燃烧过程的重构和深入分析。详细机理是通过大量的实验研究得到的,其包含了大量的化学反应动力学信息,可以较为完备的描述化学反应过程,但是由于详细机理过于庞大一般不能直接运用到数值模拟中去,很有必要在研究特定问题时对详细机理进行一定的简化。介绍了PCAS机理简化方法,并运用该方法对甲烷燃烧的详细机理进行了简化研究,通过简化得到的101步简化机理与详细机理吻合较好。     

Combining product engineering and inherent safety to improve the powder impregnation process

The functionalization of nonwoven textiles can be realized by dry powder impregnation. In order to develop and improve this process, two complementary approaches have been combined: product engineering and inherent safety. It consists in integrating ab-initio consumers' requirements, production constraints as well as safety and environmental considerations. This case study is focused on the proposal, the characterization and the selection of powders mixtures of flame retardants and copolyesters, which will be used to create fire-proofed textiles. The influences of the chemical natures of the flame retardant (e.g. calcium carbonate, aluminium trihydroxide, ammonium polyphosphates), their respective concentrations, particle diameters and the addition of silica to flame retardant/polymer mixtures on their minimum ignition energy has been investigated. It has been determined that ammonium polyphosphates are far more efficient than other flame-retardants and that a minimum of 20%wt. concentration is needed to generate a powder mixture that will be almost insensitive to ignition by an electrostatic source. Modifying the particle size distribution and introducing glidants play also a significant role on flame retardant/polymer interactions, on powder dispersibility and has a strong impact on the minimum ignition energy. Finally, the formulations which have been selected fulfill the requirements for fire resistance, flowability, prevention of dust explosion; they are non-toxic, environmentally friendly and their cost is reduced.     

超细磷酸铵盐微粒灭火剂与B类火作用的有效性研究

为研究超细微粒灭火剂的灭火能力,对NH4H2PO4质量分数为90%的ABC干粉进行超细化和表面改性,制得具有良好流散性的平均粒度在2～10 μm的微粒灭火剂,然后将不同量的微粒灭火剂和一定压力的氮气一起充装于1 L的贮压式灭火器中,然后在1 m3灭火室内进行全淹没条件下的B类油火灭火试验.结果表明,粒度在4.11 μm以下的微粒灭火剂能在空中滞留15 min以上,并且其灭火质量浓度随着灭火剂的体积平均直径的减小而减少;微粒灭火剂的体积平均粒径为2.48 μm时,其灭火质量浓度仅为59～64 g/m3,平均灭火时间小于6 s.超细微粒灭火剂具有良好的空间流动扩散能力,可用于全淹没火灾保护,作用于B类油火时,灭火质量浓度低且灭火时间短,灭火效率很高.     

流动注射在线离子交换微柱富集-火焰原子吸收法测定环境样品中的铜、铅和镉

本文用流动注射在线阳离子交换树脂预富集-火焰原子吸收法测定了标准参考物(头发GBW09 101和桃叶GBW08501)及水样中的微量铜、铅和镉.对铜、铅和镉测定灵敏度分别提高27.0 ,37.5和27.5倍;回收率分别为93.7-109.9%,88.9-101.4%,84.7-103.0% ;分析速度为30次·h-1.对0.05μg·ml-1Cu2+,0.2μg·ml-1 Pb2+,0.02μg·ml-1Cd2+溶液,其测定相对标准偏差(n ＝11)分别为2.74%,1.05%和2.97%.     

Structure of flames propagating through aluminum particles cloud and combustion process of particles

Structure of flames propagating through aluminum particles clouds and combustion processes of the particles have been examined experimentally to understand the fundamental behavior of a metal dust explosion. The combustion process of individual aluminum particles in a flame propagating through the aluminum particles cloud has been recorded by using a high-speed video camera with a microscopic optical system, and analyzed. The flame is shown to be consisted of a preheat zone of about 3 mm thick, followed by a combustion zone of 5–7 mm thick. In the combustion zone, discrete gas phase flames are observed around each aluminum particle. Also an asymmetric flame around a particle is observed, which might be caused by an ejection of aluminum vapor from a crack of oxide shell surrounding the particle.     

采用锥形量热仪(CONE)研究和评价新型可膨胀石墨防火涂料

利用锥形量热仪(CONE)实验获得的热失重速率(MLR)、热释放速率(HRR)、有效燃烧热(EHC)、比消光面积(SEA)、CO2、CO和点燃时间(TTI)等参数对可膨胀石墨防火涂料与传统的膨胀型防火涂料的阻燃性能、烟毒释放、阻燃机理进行了对比研究。结果表明,与传统的膨胀型防火涂料相比,可膨胀石墨防火涂料由于在热降解过程中成炭量较高,炭层具有更好的热稳定性,因而其阻燃和隔热性能更为优良,具有更长的耐燃时间,且烟毒释放少,安全性能更高。     

用正交设计法研究阻燃LDPE薄膜配方

以低密度聚乙烯LDPE、氢氧化镁和微胶囊化红磷为原材料,利用正交设计法研究了新型阻燃薄膜配方,制备了阻燃型低密度聚乙烯薄膜,并对其氧指数进行测试.结果表明,新型配方中的氢氧化镁和微胶囊化红磷具有协同阻燃效果,并能在一定程度上解决燃烧时的熔滴现象;当氢氧化镁添加量小于29%时,两种阻燃剂对体系阻燃性的影响差别不明显;与纯LDPE薄膜相比,阻燃LDPE薄膜由于添加了上述两种阻燃成分,体系氧指数提高4%,改善了阻燃效果.     

横向风作用下喷口间距对射流扩散火焰特征的影响研究*

为研究横向风作用下喷口间距对射流扩散火焰特征的影响,以双喷口火焰为研究对象,利用CCD摄像机拍摄火焰几何形态,研究横向风条件下喷口间距对火焰形态演化、火焰长度和火焰吹熄极限的影响。研究结果表明:喷口间距较小时,2束火焰因空气夹带竞争和压差作用,彼此相互倾斜融合,火焰融合概率随喷口间距增加而逐渐降低,火焰临界融合间距随横向风的增加先增大后减小;由于火焰的空气夹带和热反馈处于较高水平,2束火焰被少量拉伸,火焰长度先增加后减小;喷口间距较小时,火焰吹熄极限显著增加。