宣威肺癌高发区燃煤排放颗粒物中铁的价态及其氧化性

云南宣威地区的高肺癌死亡率被认为是与居民室内燃烧烟煤有关.为探明宣威地区高肺癌死亡率的原因,在宣威4个不同区域采集了原煤样品并在室内利用一套自行设计的烟气采集装置对所采集的原煤样品模拟当地燃烧条件进行了燃烧,获取燃煤排放颗粒物样品.使用BCR连续提取法(community bureau of reference,BCR)获取原煤、底灰和燃煤排放颗粒物中铁的赋存形态及分布特征,用高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测燃煤颗粒物在替代肺液(surrogate lung fluid,SLF)中产生·OH水平的变化.结果显示,原煤中存在大量的可氧化态铁,经过燃烧后,飞灰颗粒物中生物可利用的铁(酸可提取态、可还原态、可氧化态)占了很大的比重(46%~78%);燃煤颗粒物24 h所产生·OH的量在不同粒径颗粒物之间存在一定差异,在细粒径段(1μm、1.1~2μm、2~3.3μm)和粗粒径段(3.3~7μm、7μm)均表现为·OH的量随粒径减小而增加;同时,燃煤颗粒物中可氧化态Fe的含量与产生·OH能力具有一定的线性相关性(R2=0.32).     

改性纳米铁/炭填充PRB去除地下水硝态氮研究

采用鼠李糖脂对纳米铁进行改性后负载在活性炭上制备出改性纳米铁/炭,将其作为PRB填充材料,并采用有机玻璃柱模拟连续墙式PRB来进行水中硝态氮地去除研究.结果表明：经过改性后的纳米铁能够有效负载在活性炭上,悬浮稳定性得到明显提高;改性纳米铁/炭粒径远大于纳米铁,将其作为填充材料可有效缓解PRB堵塞问题;当纳米铁与活性炭质量比为5：2时,PRB运行效果最佳;pH值越小,污染液硝态氮浓度越低,水流速度越小均有利于硝态氮地去除.     

钢铁工业排放颗粒物中碳组分的特征

为探究钢铁工业排放颗粒物中碳组分的特征,使用荷电低压颗粒物撞击器(ELPI)采样,采集到3组不同载荷和除污设施的烧结炉和1组炼铁高炉排放的颗粒物样品,利用热-光反射法,分析颗粒物中的有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)以及按温度划分的7种碳组分物质.结果表明,烧结工艺排放颗粒物中OC的质量分数高于炼铁工艺,OC在PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量分数分别是(5.3±2.3)%和(7.1±3.0)%,说明OC易在细粒径段颗粒富集,炼铁工艺排放颗粒物中OC在PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量分数分别是2.5%和2.0%;4组样品的7种碳组分相对比例相似,OC2和OC3在7种碳组分中质量分数最高,EC1、EC2、EC3的质量分数依次递减,OC1的质量分数可能与锅炉规模和脱硫设施有关;另外,烧结工艺排放各粒径段的颗粒物中OC和EC表现出较高的相关性,一次排放的PM_(2.5)中的OC/EC为4.7±0.7,远高于受体中估算二次碳组分的指标值.钢铁工业排放颗粒物中碳质组分的深入分析,可以为受体碳质气溶胶的来源解析提供基础数据,也有助于钢铁工业后续的除污管理.     

水中硫酸根及溶解氧质量浓度变化对管垢金属元素释放的影响

针对出厂水水质化学组分变化可能引起管垢成分释放进而导致管网"黄水"的问题,利用管段反应器,研究了硫酸根(SO24-)质量浓度变化对长期通地下水的铸铁管段总铁释放的影响,同时分析了硫酸根质量浓度变化可能造成的金属元素锰(Mn)、砷(As)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和镍(Ni)的释放行为.研究表明,实验管段进水中SO24-质量浓度的升高能导致管垢总铁、Mn释放量显著增加,且当SO24->400 mg.L-1时,出水呈现明显的"黄水"现象.对实验管段进出水中微量金属元素的检测发现,尽管随着进水SO24-质量浓度的升高,出水中As、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni质量浓度也随之增加,但其多数情况下低于进水质量浓度,说明管垢对这些微量元素具有吸附作用.增加水中溶解氧(DO)质量浓度对铁的释放具有明显控制作用,但当超过一定值时,其抑制作用反而降低.     

铬渣烧结矿炼制含铬生铁工业化生产试验研究

采用铬渣烧结矿作为熔剂,在３０ｍ＾３小高炉上进行了冶炼含铬生铁的工业化生产试验,铬河中六价铬的还原率接近１００％,总铬的金属化还原率大于９４％,平均每吨产品铁吃渣量为２．２９８ｔ,最高达２．７８５ｔ。炼制含铬最大于１０％铁含铬生铁,需同时配入铬铁矿增铬,保持１４８０Ｋ以上的炉温,控制较低的碱度,配入辅料降低炉渣溶点,可显著善炉渣的流动性,成功地实现渣,铁分离排放。监测了试验过程的二次污染,需控制高     

海藻酸钠/蒙脱石联合负载型纳米Fe0对Cu(II)的去除研究

由于蒙脱石负载型纳米Fe~0(Mt-n ZVI)在使用中易随水迁移,造成出水水质混浊和Fe~0流失.因此,本研究制备了海藻酸钠(SA)和蒙脱石(Mt)联合负载型纳米零价铁(SA/Mt-n ZVI),探究其对水中Cu(Ⅱ)的去除效果,并考察了Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度、pH值对去除率的影响.结果表明:以2%(质量分数)SA和6%(质量分数)Mt-n ZVI条件制备的SA/Mt-n ZVI小球对Cu(Ⅱ)处理效果好,反应24 h后,SA/Mt-n ZVI小球对初始浓度为40 mg·L-1Cu(Ⅱ)的去除率达到92.11%,与游离的Mt-n ZVI颗粒相比,其活性并未降低;Cu(Ⅱ)的去除率随其初始浓度升高而降低;在pH为2~6之间,Cu(Ⅱ)去除率随pH升高而升高.SA/Mt-n ZVI小球可有效净化污水中的Cu(Ⅱ),将其重复使用3次后,对Cu(Ⅱ)的去除率仍维持在59.52%.     

A highly porous animal bone-derived char with a superiority of promoting nZVI for Cr(VI) sequestration in agricultural soils

Paddy soil and irrigation water are commonly contaminated with hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] near urban industrial areas, thereby threatening the safety of agricultural products and human health. In this study, we develop a porous and high specific area bone char (BC) to support nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and apply it to remediate Cr(VI) pollution in water and paddy soil under anaerobic conditions. The batch experiments reveal that BC/nZVI exhibits a higher removal capacity of 516.7 mg/(g?nZVI) for Cr(VI) than nZVI when normalized to the actual nZVI content, which is 2.8 times that of nZVI; moreover, the highest nZVI utilization is the nZVI loading of 15% (BC/nZVI15). The Cr(VI) removal efficiency of BC/nZVI15 decreases with increasing pH (4 – 10). Coexisting ions (phosphate and carbonate) and humic acid can inhibit the removal of Cr(VI) with BC/nZVI15. Additionally, BC exhibits a strong advantage in promoting Cr(VI) removal by nZVI compared to the widely used biochar and activated carbon. Our results demonstrate that reduction and coprecipitation are the dominant Cr(VI) removal mechanisms. Furthermore, BC/nZVI15 shows a significantly higher reduction and removal efficiency as well as a strong anti-interference ability for Cr(VI) in paddy soil, as compared to nZVI. These findings provide a new effective material for remediating Cr(VI) pollution from water and soil.     

The inactivation of bacteriophages MS2 and PhiX174 by nanoscale zero-valent iron: Resistance difference and mechanisms

• The resistance of phage PhiX174 to nZVI was much stronger than that of MS2. • The nZVI damaged the surface proteins of both bacteriophages. • The nZVI could destroy the nucleic acid of MS2, but not that of PhiX174. •The phage inactivation was mainly attributed to the damage of the nucleic acid. Pathogenic enteric viruses pose a significant risk to human health. Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), a novel material for environmental remediation, has been shown to be a promising tool for disinfection. However, the existing research has typically utilized MS2 or f2 bacteriophages to investigate the antimicrobial properties of nZVI, and the resistance difference between bacteriophages, which is important for the application of disinfection technologies, is not yet understood. Here, MS2 and PhiX174 containing RNA and DNA, respectively, were used as model viruses to investigate the resistances to nZVI. The bacteriophage inactivation mechanisms were also discussed using TEM images, protein, and nucleic acid analysis. The results showed that an initial concentration of 10⁶ PFU/mL of MS2 could be completely inactivated within 240 min by 40 mg/L nZVI at pH 7, whereas the complete inactivation of PhiX174 could not be achieved by extending the reaction time, increasing the nZVI dosage, or changing the dosing means. This indicates that the resistance of phage PhiX174 to nZVI was much stronger than that of MS2. TEM images indicated that the viral particle shape was distorted, and the capsid shell was ruptured by nZVI. The damage to viral surface proteins in both phages was examined by three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). However, the nucleic acid analysis demonstrated that the nucleic acid of MS2, but not PhiX174, was destroyed. It indicated that bacteriophage inactivation was mainly attributed to the damage of nucleic acids.     

Effects of different types of biochar on the properties and reactivity of nano zero-valent iron in soil remediation

• Biochar enhanced the mobility and stability of zero-valent iron nanoparticles. • Particle performance was best when the BC:nZVI mass ratio was 1:1. • Bagasse-BC@nZVI removed 66.8% of BDE209. The addition of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) is a promising technology for the in situ remediation of soil. Unfortunately, the mobility and, consequently, the reactivity of nZVI particles in contaminated areas decrease due to their rapid aggregation. In this study, we determined how nZVI particles can be stabilized using different types of biochar (BC) as a support (BC@nZVI). In addition, we investigated the transport behavior of the synthesized BC@nZVI particles in a column filled with porous media and their effectiveness in the removal of BDE209 (decabromodiphenyl ether) from soil. The characterization results of N₂ Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analyses, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that nZVI was successfully loaded into the BC. The sedimentation test results and the experimental breakthrough curves indicated that all of the BC@nZVI composites manifested better stability and mobility than did the bare-nZVI particles, and the transport capacity of the particles increased with increasing flow velocity and porous medium size. Furthermore, the maximum concentrations of the column effluent for bagasse–BC@nZVI (B–BC@nZVI) were 19%, 37% and 48% higher than those for rice straw–BC@nZVI (R–BC@nZVI), wood chips–BC@nZVI (W–BC@nZVI) and corn stalks–BC@nZVI (C–BC@nZVI), respectively. A similar order was found for the removal and debromination efficiency of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) by the aforementioned particles. Overall, the attachment of nZVI particles to BC significantly increased the reactivity, stability and mobility of B–BC@nZVI yielded, and nZVI the best performance.     

欧盟各国废钢铁用量和国际贸易

近年来,欧盟各国的废钢铁贸易十分活跃。根据《欧盟27国废钢铁贸易统计》2012的统计,列出欧盟各国2010年的粗钢产量、炼钢用废钢量、国际贸易量以及欧盟成员国之间的废钢铁贸易量,供行业参考。