城市环境中自然通风研究进展

城市环境中自然通风源于城市热压梯度及城市风压梯度的综合作用。城市环境中自然通风影响着城市"五岛"效应(城市热岛、湿岛、干岛、浑浊岛及雨岛),城市大气的自净能力和城市居民的身体健康,也是研究快速城市化地区广义城市风环境(风场、温度场、湿度场)的参考因子。为了全面理解国内外针对城市环境中自然通风的研究进展,从城市环境中自然通风的监测、模拟及应用三个方面对目前国内外针对城市环境中自然通风的研究现状进行了综述,最后结合环境物联网、无线传感技术等目前在城市环境中自然通风研究的相关技术及应用领域的新进展,对城市环境中自然通风的后续研究热点和关键问题进行了展望,为城市环境中自然通风的相关技术及应用问题的后续研究提供了基础研究素材。     

浅海平台油气火灾事故模拟评估应用

全球海洋油气开发重特大火灾事故频发,油气生产安全面临严峻挑战,以我国浅海某中心平台组为研究对象,对可能发生的三相分离器喷射火火灾、管线交叉处喷射火火灾、生产平台池火火灾以及储罐平台池火火灾,采用FDS软件建立该平台组的火灾动力学模型,对油气泄漏后火灾的发展态势、火场温度、热辐射强度、设备温度以及不同火灾工况的对比分析,研究火灾发生后对人员伤害,以及平台上油气管线、分离器、油气储罐、平台栈桥等重要设备安全性的影响,并提出操作人员和重要设备的安全距离。针对火灾事故风险控制提出建议措施,对海上火灾风险分析未来研究方向进行阐述。     

海洋工程用新型牺牲阳极设计与性能研究(Ⅴ)——导管架平台阴极保护设计探讨

目的 针对不同设计使用年限的导管架平台,通过对比新型阳极和常规阳极用量来评价新型阳极的优势和不足。方法 针对设计寿命15年和30年的导管架平台,计算满足不同阶段保护电流需求的新型阳极和常规阳极的需求量。结果 当导管架平台设计年限较短,比如15年,牺牲阳极用量由初期保护电流需求量决定,新型阳极的使用可以达到节约阳极用量的目的。当设计年限较长,比如30年,牺牲阳极用量则由维持电流需求量决定,采用新型阳极并不能节约阳极用量。结论 并非所有设计年限的导管架平台使用新型阳极都能达到节约用量的目的,具体要根据实际计算结果而定。     

Extinction risk of the endemic vascular flora of Kauai,Hawaii, based on IUCN assessments

The International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN Red List) is the world's most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of species. Governmental agencies and conservation organizations increasingly rely on IUCN Red List assessments to develop conservation policies and priorities. Funding agencies use the assessments as evaluation criteria, and researchers use meta-analysis of red-list data to address fundamental and applied conservation science questions. However, the circa 143,000 IUCN assessments represent a fraction of the world's biodiversity and are biased in regional and organismal coverage. These biases may affect conservation priorities, funding, and uses of these data to understand global patterns. Isolated oceanic islands are characterized by high endemicity, but the unique biodiversity of many islands is experiencing high extinction rates. The archipelago of Hawaii has one of the highest levels of endemism of any floristic region; 90% of its 1367 native vascular plant taxa are classified as endemic. We used the IUCN's assessment of the complete single-island endemic (SIE) vascular plant flora of Kauai, Hawaii, to assess the proportion and drivers of decline of threatened plants in an oceanic island setting. We compared the IUCN assessments with federal, state, and other local assessments of Kauai species or taxa of conservation concern. Finally, we conducted a preliminary assessment for all 1044 native vascular plants of Hawaii based on IUCN criterion B by estimating area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, and number of locations to determine whether the pattern found for the SIE vascular flora of Kauai is comparable to the native vascular flora of the Hawaiian Islands. We compared our results with patterns observed for assessments of other floras. According to IUCN, 256 SIE vascular plant taxa are threatened with extinction and 5% are already extinct. This is the highest extinction risk reported for any flora to date. The preliminary assessment of the native vascular flora of Hawaii showed that 72% (753 taxa) is threatened. The flora of Hawaii may be one of the world's most threatened; thus, increased and novel conservation measures in the state and on other remote oceanic islands are urgently needed.     

航空用气胀式救生衣的穿戴时间测试

为探究航空用气胀式救生衣穿戴性能,首先,搭建航空座椅试验平台,选择113个大学生和42个成年村民作为对比性测试对象,采用国内各大航空公司均配备的标准救生衣作为穿戴对象开展试验;然后,分析试验结果满足国家标准《航空用气胀式救生衣》(GB/T 36508—2018)中穿戴要求的情况,并采用T检验分析不同性别、年龄、演示水平下穿戴时间的差别是否显著。结果表明:测试的航空用气胀式救生衣穿戴时间无法满足国家标准的要求,且性别、年龄对救生衣穿戴时间无显著性影响,但不同演示水平下穿戴时间的差别十分显著;国家标准中穿戴时间要求、测试对象选择、演示水平等方面与文中研究结论有较大差异,建议更多研究人员通过更详细、更深入的试验,来深入探讨GB/T 36508—2018中这3方面的内容。     

突发事件应急推演系统平台分析与设计

本文首先以近几年几起典型事故为例,提出开展应急演练的重要意义,并在简要回顾应急演练及其支持系统的功能与技术演化过程后,以“预防、监测、响应、恢复、重建”为五阶段,“减灾、准备”为基础活动的应急管理阶段模型为基础,规划推演系统平台的总体建设目标与应用范围,进一步归纳、分析系统平台的参与者与功能需求,提出以“推演项目”为核心,以“应急推演导调”、“应急推演学员”、“应急推演模拟员”、“应急推演评估员”和“应急推演管理员”五类角色为系统参与者的“系统总体功能框架”,并从物理实现的角度讨论了系统平台的技术特点与总体结构.     

北京地铁岛式站台噪声的初步研究

为研究北京岛式站台噪声水平及噪声特点,选取了北京地铁2号线和5号线的10个岛式站台进行了实地的测量,从噪声级以及频谱角度对测量结果进行了分析。结果显示,测量时间内的LAeq,max都高于标准限值80dB(A)。使用独立样本t检验的结果得出,2号线与5号线在LAeq以及LAeq,max上不存在显著差异(P>0.05),说明2号线和5号线噪声在相近的水平上。通过噪声频谱的时程曲线也直观的得出列车在进出站过程中噪声级大于80dB(A),无列车通过且不受相反轨道列车影响时的背景噪声在65dB(A)左右,受影响时在70dB(A)左右。倍频程频谱分析得出,地铁站台噪声具有明显的中频特征。进一步分析,2号线和5号线站台都存在若干的主频,其基频和谐频分别为63、250和1kHz。     

职业卫生信息化网络平台研究

当前我国职业卫生监管工作存在薄弱环节、监管手段相对落后,难以满足我国职业病防治工作形势的需求。将信息化技术应用于职业卫生监管,可有效提高职业卫生监管工作的科学性和有效性。阐述了职业卫生信息化网络平台建设的必要性,提出了职业卫生信息化建设的整体框架,分析并论述了具体建设内容以及建设过程中应注意的几点问题。     

Using the past to contextualize anthropogenic impacts on the present and future distribution of an endemic Caribbean mammal

Island species are difficult to conserve because they face the synergy of climate change, invasive species, deforestation, and increasing human population densities in areas where land mass is shrinking. The Caribbean island of Hispaniola presents particular challenges because of geopolitical complexities that span 2 countries and hinder coordinated management of species across the island. We employed species distribution modeling to evaluate the impacts of climatic change and anthropogenic activities on the distribution of an endemic mammal of conservation concern, the Hispaniolan solenodon (Solenodon paradoxus). We aggregated occurrence points for this poorly known species for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the present (1975–2016) based on museum collections, online biodiversity databases, and new field surveys. We quantified degree of overlap between periods and scenarios with Schoener's D. Through a conservation paleobiology lens, we found that over time humans played an increasing role in shaping the distribution of S. paradoxus, thus, providing a foundation for developing conservation strategies on appropriate spatiotemporal scales. Human population density was the single most important predictor of S. paradoxus occurrence. Densities >166 people/km² corresponded to a near-zero probability of occurrence. Models that accounted for climate but not anthropogenic variables falsely identified suitable habitat in Haiti, where on-the-ground surveys confirm habitat is unavailable. Climate-only models also significantly overestimated the potential for habitat connectivity between isolated populations. Our work highlights that alternative fates for S. paradoxus in the Anthropocene exist across the political border between the Dominican Republic and Haiti due to the fundamentally different economic and political realities of each country. Relationships in the fossil record confirm that Hispaniola's sociopolitical boundary is not biologically significant but instead represents one imposed on the island's fauna in the past 500 years by colonial activity. Our approach reveals how a paleontological perspective can contribute to concrete management insights.     

Safety I–II,resilience and antifragility engineering: a debate explained through an accident occurring on a mobile elevating work platform

Occupational health and safety (OHS) represents an important field of exploration for the research community: in spite of the growth of technological innovations, the increasing complexity of systems involves critical issues in terms of degradation of the safety levels. In such a situation, new safety management approaches are now mandatory in order to face the safety implications of the current technological evolutions. Along these lines, performing risk-based analysis alone seems not to be enough anymore. The evaluation of robustness, antifragility and resilience of a socio-technical system is now indispensable in order to face unforeseen events. This article will briefly introduce the topics of Safety I and Safety II, resilience engineering and antifragility engineering, explaining correlations, overlapping aspects and synergies. Secondly, the article will discuss the applications of those paradigms to a real accident, highlighting how they can challenge, stimulate and inspire research for improving OHS conditions.