化肥减量与有机物料添加对华北潮土微生物氮循环功能基因丰度和氮转化遗传潜力的影响

有机物料作为生态友好型的化肥替代品为农业生态系统带来了巨大的经济和环境效益.然而,在化肥减量的基础上添加有机物料会对土壤氮（N）循环产生何种影响依旧知之甚少.在此,设置了常规施肥（NPK）、化肥减量（NPKR）、化肥减量配施秸秆（NPKRS）、化肥减量配施有机肥（NPKRO）、化肥减量配施秸秆和有机肥（NPKROS）共5种施肥处理,采用实时定量PCR方法测定微生物N循环功能基因丰度,并估算微生物N转化遗传潜力.结果表明,与NPK处理相比,有机物料添加显著增加了参与有机N分解、N固定和N还原的异养微生物数量,而降低了执行氨氧化的自养微生物丰度.因此,异养微生物的比例增加,自养微生物的比例降低.施肥措施变化显著提高了微生物N存储和气态N排放潜力,降低了NO₃^-淋溶潜力,N₂ O还原潜力也有所提升.基于距离的冗余分析（db-RDA）表明,5种施肥处理间N循环功能基因丰度差异显著（PERMANOVA,P=0.002）,NH₄⁺是驱动这种变化的关键因子,施用有机肥有利于异养N循环功能微生物,并且同时加入秸秆增强了这种影响.Pearson相关分析表明N存储潜力和气态N排放潜力均与NH₄⁺含量显著负相关;NO₃^-淋溶潜力与SOC和TN含量显著负相关,而与NH₄⁺含量显著正相关.综上所述,在化肥减量基础上添加有机物料有利于增加农田土壤N库,降低土壤N淋溶损失,甚至在特定环境下可以降低N₂ O排放的环境风险.     

不同轮作休耕下潮土细菌群落结构特征

本研究旨在明确不同轮作休耕方式对潮土细菌群落的影响,为推动黄河下游冲积平原农田生态修复和促进农业绿色发展提供参考依据.以2018年开始的长期轮作休耕定位试验农田土壤为研究对象,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,通过Tax4Fun细菌功能预测工具,分析4种轮作休耕方式（长期休耕、冬小麦-夏休耕、冬休耕-夏玉米和冬小麦-夏玉米周年轮作）定位条件下,土壤细菌群落结构与功能差异,并探究影响农田土壤细菌群落结构及功能变化的环境因子.结果表明,不同轮作休耕方式的土壤样本中共检测到细菌44门、146纲、338目、530科、965属和2073种;在0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层中,主要优势菌群同为放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）,但各主要优势菌群的相对丰度在不同轮作休耕方式中存在差异.0~20 cm土层季节性休耕（冬小麦-夏休耕和冬休耕-夏玉米）较麦玉周年轮作或连续两年休耕的土壤细菌群落更丰富且多样性程度更复杂,20~40 cm土层则表现出冬小麦-夏休耕的土壤细菌群落更丰富、多样性程度更复杂.通过Tax4Fun功能预测发现,不同轮作休耕土壤细菌具有一级功能代谢通路（pathway level 1）6类,二级功能代谢通路（pathway level 2）40类（其中18类相对丰度大于1.0%）,三级功能代谢通路（pathway level 3）264类;季节性休耕可提高参与新陈代谢、环境信息处理和遗传信息处理等有益细菌代谢通路的相对丰度.根据RDA分析,0~20 cm土层的土壤细菌群落受土壤含水率、全磷、有效磷、速效钾、pH和碳氮比影响显著（P<0.05）,20~40 cm受土壤全磷和有效磷影响显著（P<0.05）.由此可见,不同休耕方式可以改变土壤细菌群落结构、多样性及代谢功能,季节性休耕可以促进农田土壤生态系统的健康与稳定.     

Identifying sources of soil inorganic pollutants on a regional scale using a multivariate statistical approach: role of pollutant migration and soil physicochemical properties

Principal components analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were used to estimate the contribution of four components related to pollutant sources on the total variation in concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Se, Hg, Fe and Mn in surface soil samples from a valley in east China with numerous copper and zinc smelters. Results indicate that when carrying out source identification of inorganic pollutants their tendency to migrate in soils may result in differences between the pollutant composition of the source and the receptor soil, potentially leading to errors in the characterization of pollutants using multivariate statistics. The stability and potential migration or movement of pollutants in soils must therefore be taken into account. Soil physicochemical properties may offer additional useful information. Two different mechanisms have been hypothesized for correlations between soil heavy metal concentrations and soil organic matter content and these may be helpful in interpreting the statistical analysis.     

The effect of change in supervisor support and job control on change in vigor: Differential relationships for immigrant and native employees in Israel

Building on the premises of the conservation of resources theory, the aim of this study was to investigate long‐term effects of job resources on vigor among native and immigrant employees in Israel. More specifically, we investigated the effects of baseline and change in job control and supervisor support on change in vigor levels, as well as the degree to which these effects differ among educated native and immigrant employees in Israel. We surveyed 235 white‐collar Eastern European and Russian immigrants and 235 white‐collar native Israelis matched on occupational and demographic characteristics at two points of measurement with a 30‐month time lag. Latent change score modeling revealed that among both immigrants and natives, change in job control was related to change in vigor. Multiple group analyses further revealed that among immigrant employees only, baseline levels of supervisor support were associated with change in vigor. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the utilization of resources as a means of acquiring new resources may be influenced by immigrant background. Managerial implications are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于方位轴旋转的平台惯导系统对准策略研究

目的解决平台惯导静基座自对准精度受到平台转位、锁定及惯性仪表误差影响的问题。方法提出一种绕方位轴变速旋转的平台惯导连续自对准方法。该方法基于平台按照方位陀螺力矩指令绕方位轴变速旋转,采集水平陀螺的力矩电流输出信息估计平台失准角及仪器误差系数。通过输出灵敏度理论对系统的可观测度进行分析后,采用建立虚拟平台系的参数估计方案使得方位失准角估计精度得到提高。结果当测量噪声为0.01(°)/h(1σ),方位失准角对准精度在10″以内,对准过程可以在10 min内完成。结论该方案及算法使惯导平台静基座自对准精度得到显著提高。     

基于CFD的土工离心机风阻及流场特性分析

目的估计土工离心机的风阻功率。方法针对一稳态运行的中低速土工离心机,利用多参考坐标系(MRF)模拟转臂与墙壁之间的相对运动,对离心机稳态运行时机室内的空气流场进行CFD仿真,对计算流体力学仿真、解析公式方法和试验的风阻功率进行对比。结果三种方法得到的风阻功率较为接近,验证了数值仿真方法的正确性。同时,研究了机室内空气流速和压力的空间分布特征,验证了经典解析公式的假设合理性。结论 CFD仿真方法避免了传统解析方法对试验数据的依赖和参数选取主观性,能够得到较高精度的分析结果,该研究为基于计算流体力学的土工离心机的高置信度风阻计算打下了基础。     

Contribution of individual components of a job cycle on overall severity of whole-body vibration exposure: a study in Indian mines

Drivers of earth-moving machines are exposed to whole-body vibration (WBV). In mining operations there can be a combination of relatively high magnitudes of vibration and long exposure times. Effective risk mitigation requires understanding of the main aspects of a task that pose a hazard to health. There are very few published studies of WBV exposure from India. This paper reports on a study that considered the contribution of the component phases of dumper operations, on the overall vibration exposure of the drivers. It shows that vibration magnitudes are relatively high, and that haulage tasks are the main contributor to the exposure. It is recommended that driver speed, haul road surfaces and vehicle maintenance/selection are optimized to ensure minimization of vibration. If this is not sufficient, operation times might need to be reduced in order to ensure that the health guidance caution zone from Standard No. ISO 2631-1:1997 is not exceeded.     

液化气球罐整体热处理的危险评价及控制措施

介绍了液化气球罐整体热处理的方法及过程，应用作业条件危险性方法进行了危险评价，并提出相应对策。     

Dimensions of Job Control in Computerized and Traditional Office Work and Its Health Effects

This study investigates whether a consistent relationship exists between computerization and job control. It also examines the role of job control as a predictor of stress symptoms typical for data entry and word processing (VDU) work. Two groups of VDU users and two comparable non-VDU-user groups took part in this study. A special questionnaire made it possible to assess global job control and four indexes of control related to specific aspects of work (control over choice of tasks and methods, control over time frame, control related to one’s skill, and control related to participation in the decision-making process). Results did not show an unequivocal relation between computerization and the latitude of control. The latitude of control depends on the task performed and the aspect of control we are considering. Regression analyses showed that global control is a good predictor of job satisfaction, some mood disturbances, and visual complaints. The other aspects of control are related in a variety of ways to stress symptoms. The role of a Type A behavior pattern in the relationship between job control and stress symptoms varies depending on which aspect of control is being considered. It was concluded that because of the high functional differences between various aspects of control, it is better to avoid using the concept of global control and, when possible, apply specific indexes of control.     

一种新型除尘器在梅山铁矿选厂的应用

介绍了喷雾双向旋流除尘器的原理及在矿山选厂除尘中的应用。