市场经济条件下企业的安全管理

随着社会主义市场经济的建立和发展，要求企业更规范、更有效、更安全地进行生产。目前，我国的安全生产工作还面临着十分严峻的形势。所以，加强企业的安全管理，提高安全生产水平是大势所趋。分析了当前企业安全管理工作中面临的问题，对如何强化企业的安全管理提出了一些意见和建议。     

探索建立安全生产长效机制的几点思考

就安全生产的现状，站在全局的高度，从九个方面论述了如何建立安全生产长效机制的构架，即健全三个体系、实现两个创新、制定一个产业政策、实现一个中长期规划、建立一个专项资金、形成一个自我约束机制。     

开展企业安全评价势在必行

安全评价是以实现工程、系统安全为目的。应用安全系统工程原理和方法，对危险和有害因素进行辨识与分析，判断发生事故和职业危害的可能性及其严重程度，从而为制定防范措施和管理决策提供科学依据。本文从六个方面阐述了企业开展安全评价的必要性。     

基于VB的城市防火安全评价系统

主要介绍了在windows环境下，用VB6.0制作的一个城市防火安全评价可视化系统。城市防火安全评价采用的是模糊综合评判方法（以苏州古城区的防火安全评价为例）。采用Access2000建立原始的数据库。在数据库中存放原始评价数据，VB6.0中的应用程序在运行时调用数据库中数据，实现数据链接，通过运算，在VB模块的窗口中显示评价结果。本系统通过设置变量使系统程序的实际应用更具广泛性和方便性。     

对Janbu普遍条分法计算方法的改进

Janbu普遍条分法(或称严格Janbu法)是第一个基于任意形状滑面且考虑滑体所有平衡条件的边坡稳定性计算方法。该方法存在的严重不收敛问题一直困扰着边坡理论和工程界近半个世纪。本文基于Janbu普遍条分法的基本原理和假设,重新推导出数学上更为简洁的安全系数积分表达式,指出传统计算格式不易收敛性是推力二阶导数的不合理数值误差所致,应用数值平滑技术可减少这个误差,使计算过程稳定收敛。研究表明,改进后的Janbu普遍条分法不失为理论相对严格、工程较为实用的边坡稳定性计算方法。     

草地畜牧业雪灾脆弱性评价 --以内蒙古牧区为例

从综合减灾和区域可持续发展的角度，建立了雪灾脆弱性评价指标体系及评价模型，并从雪灾区域孕灾环境敏感性以及区域畜牧业承灾体对雪灾的适应性两方面，对内蒙古雪灾脆弱性进行了评价。研究结果表明：内蒙古牧区雪灾脆弱性存在若明显的地域差异，中西部牧区比东部牧区脆弱性大，北部牧区比南部牧区脆弱性大，并且近10年来脆弱性提高的旗县明显增多，草地季节性干旱、北方干旱化以及草场超载过牧、退化加剧是畜牧业雪灾脆弱性呈增加趋势的直接原因。     

论环境安全视角下的我国灾害防治法制建设

当今社会面临的日趋严重且类型众多的灾害，构成了对生态环境安全的巨大威胁，为此各国都在致力于发挥法制手段在灾害防治中的不可替代的作用。我国是个多灾国家，在减灾法治方面虽已取得了一定成就，但总体上还比较薄弱，因此进一步加强该领域的法制建设十分重要。从我国环境安全保障角度及与国际经验的比较来看，完善我国减灾法制建设的基本工作涉及到减灾法制体系的理论研究、立法模式的选择及其充实方向、行政体制的理顺及执法司法功能的强化等多个方面。     

关于环评中的景观影响评价问题

环境影响评价制度对控制环境污染和防止生态破坏取得明显的成效。随着社会的进步和人们对环境质量的高要求,景观环境影响评价已成为旅游资源、森林资源、矿产资源开发以及交通运输等建设项目环境影响报告书中的重要内容。但由于目前尚缺乏评价规范和评价标准,在开展景观影响评价中存在着不少的困难,评价标准和评价等级的缺乏,使评价的深度和广度以及景观污染的界定上难以满足评价结果的要求;评价方法的不确定,又使评价过程难以统一,难以预测项目建设对景观的影响程度,而人才的缺乏则是困扰持证单位的主要问题。所以目前急切需要解决问题的办法是尽快制定景观评价的标准和规范,研究评价的方法,以加速人才的培养,使景观影响评价真正能达到保护景观的目的。     

Impoundment Productivity in the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field, Alaska: Implications for Waterbirds

a ), and nutrient availability (phosphorus and nitrogen). High variability in these limnological characteristics, particularly among impoundments, obscured potential differences between impoundments and ponds. No significant differences were found in chlorophyll or nutrient concentrations, and in only two cases were there differences in invertebrate production: gastropods were significantly more abundant in impoundments than in ponds in June, and trichopterans were significantly more abundant in impoundments than in ponds in July. For comparisons within impoundments and ponds, there were significant differences in invertebrate abundance between habitats and between wetland types. For example, plecopterans, trichopterans, and gastropods (all taxa combined) were consistently more abundant in shallow–Arctophila impoundments and ponds than in shallow–Carex impoundments and ponds. Thus, ponds and impoundments may differ significantly in invertebrate production, but we lack information on the amount of different habitat types (i.e., center versus emergent vegetation, Carex versus Arctophila) used by these taxa within each water body type. It is a reasonable speculation, based on results of this study, that impoundments and ponds may have similar value as feeding habitat for invertebrate-eating waterbirds. Thus the presence of impoundments may be consistent with waterbird management goals on the Arctic Coastal Plain.     

ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING: An Approach for Characterizing Tropospheric Ozone Risk to Forests

/ The risk tropospheric ozone poses to forests in the United States is dependent on the variation in ozone exposure across the distribution of the forests in question and the various environmental and climate factors predominant in the region. All these factors have a spatial nature, and consequently an approach to characterization of ozone risk is presented that places ozone exposure-response functions for species as seedlings and model-simulated tree and stand responses in a spatial context using a geographical information systems (GIS). The GIS is used to aggregate factors considered important in a risk characterization, including: (1) estimated ozone exposures over forested regions, (2) measures of ozone effects on species' and stand growth, and (3) spatially distributed environmental, genetic, and exposure influences on species' response to ozone. The GIS-based risk characterization provides an estimation of the extent and magnitude of the potential ozone impact on forests. A preliminary risk characterization demonstrating this approach considered only the eastern United States and only the limited empirical data quantifying the effect of ozone exposures on forest tree species as seedlings. The area-weighted response of the annual seedling biomass loss formed the basis for a sensitivity ranking: sensitive-aspen and black cherry (14%-33% biomass loss over 50% of their distribution); moderately sensitive-tulip popular, loblolly pine, eastern white pine, and sugar maple (5%-13% biomass loss); insensitive-Virginia pine and red maple (0%-1% loss). In the future, the GIS-based risk characterization will include process-based model simulations of the three- to 5-year growth response of individual species as large trees with relevant environmental interactions and model simulated response of mixed stands. The interactive nature of GIS provides a tool to explore consequences of the range of climate conditions across a species' distribution, forest management practices, changing ozone precursors, regulatory control strategies, and other factors influencing the spatial distribution of ozone over time as more information becomes available.KEY WORDS: Ecological risk assessment; GIS; Ozone; Risk characterization; Forests; Trees