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91.
Solitary foragers can balance demands for food and safety by varying their relative use of foraging patches and their level of vigilance. Here, we investigate whether colonies of the ant, Formica perpilosa, can balance these demands by dividing labor among workers. We show that foragers collecting nectar in vegetation near their nest are smaller than are those collecting nectar at sites away from the nest. We then use performance tests to show that smaller workers are more likely to succumb to attack from conspecifics but feed on nectar more efficiently than larger workers, suggesting a size-related trade-off between risk susceptibility and harvesting ability. Because foragers that travel away from the nest are probably more likely to encounter ants from neighboring colonies, this trade-off could explain the benefits of dividing foraging labor among workers. In a laboratory experiment, we show that contact with aggressive workers results in an increase in the mean size of recruits to a foraging site: this increase was not the result of more large recruits, but rather because fewer smaller ants traveled to the site. These results suggest that workers particularly susceptible to risk avoid dangerous sites, and suggest that variation in worker size can allow colonies to exploit profitably both hazardous and resource-poor patches.Communicated by L. Sundström 相似文献
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93.
建设项目环境影响后评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
建设项目环境影响后评价是一个新生事物,它的发生和发展需要人员的关注和支持。《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》是建设项目环境影响后评价的法律依据,建设项目环境影响后评价分为主动后评价和责成后评价,应当在建设项目正常运行阶段,运行负荷会达到设计符合的75%以上进行。建设项目环境影响后评价的主要程序分为准备阶段、评价阶段和报告编制阶段,各阶段均有后评价独特的工作内容和技术要求。据此以污水处理厂后评价为例,沿着评价程序的这一主线,详细介绍了建设项目环境影响后评价各阶段的主要工作内容和技术要求,为规范建设项目环境影响后评价提供思路。 相似文献
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95.
Alpaslan Turkkan Kayihan Pala 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2016,22(4):457-462
Introduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend of occupational injuries in Turkey using epidemiologic criteria such as incidence mortality and fatality/all injuries recorded – rates. Materials and methods. Safety and health data were obtained from the Annual Statistic Books of the Social Insurance Institution (1988–2006) and Social Security Institution (2007–2011) of Turkey. Results. The results from the official data showed that although total employment is increasing the number of occupational injuries and incidence and mortality rates are decreasing. The results also demonstrate that occupational fatality/all injuries recorded – rate is increasing. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate per 1000 injuries increased to 25.5 in 2011 from 8.6 in 1988. Each work day an average of five people died because of occupational injuries. Discussion and conclusions. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate (the number of fatal cases per 1000 occupational injuries) is an important indicator of the injury rate for a country. Systems of occupational injury and illness surveillance constitute a critical resource for the management and reduction of occupational injuries and illness. 相似文献
96.
Czesław Cempel Maciej Tabaszewski Szymon Ordysiński 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2016,22(2):173-178
Allometry is the knowledge concerning relations between the features of some beings, like animals, or cities. For example, the daily energy rate is proportional to a mass of mammals rise of 3/4. This way of thinking has spread quickly from biology to many areas of research concerned with sociotechnical systems. It was revealed that the number of innovations, patents or heavy crimes rises as social interaction increases in a bigger city, while other urban indexes such as suicides decrease with social interaction. Enterprise is also a sociotechnical system, where social interaction and accidents at work take place. Therefore, do these interactions increase the number of accidents at work or, on the contrary, are they reduction-driving components? This article tries to catch such links and assess the allometric exponent between the number of accidents at work and the number of employees in an enterprise. 相似文献
97.
Idiosyncratic deals in contemporary organizations: A qualitative and meta‐analytical review
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Idiosyncratic deals (i‐deals) research focuses on the emergence of customized work arrangements employees negotiate with their employers. This article provides a critical review and synthesis of i‐deals research, combining a qualitative review of i‐deals theory and research with a supplementary meta‐analysis of 23 empirical studies (k = 27 samples, N = 8110 individuals). The qualitative review examines the conceptualization and measurement of i‐deals and identifies patterns and gaps in i‐deals research, while the quantitative meta‐analysis tests the moderating effect of societal cultures on the predictors and consequences of ideals investigated to date. In each section, attention is given to strengths and weaknesses of current approaches to i‐deals theory and research. Future research directions are identified with particular emphasis on the largely unexamined role of i‐deals from a multilevel perspective. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
98.
Unraveling the impact of workforce age diversity on labor productivity: The moderating role of firm size and job security
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Previous literature has suggested both positive and negative effects of age diversity on labor productivity: positive because of the potential knowledge complementarities between employees of different ages and negative because of the age‐related value differences that might reduce cohesion and cooperation, hampering firm performance. Using a Belgian sample of 5892 organizational observations (2008–2011), we unraveled these countervailing effects in two ways. First, we built on prior studies to suggest that the effect of age diversity depends on the particular shape of the age distribution: positive when it is heterogeneous (i.e., variety) and negative when it is polarized (i.e., polarization). This was supported by our findings. Second, we explored the moderating impact of two contextual contingencies, firm size and job security. As expected, the positive effect of age variety is reinforced in large firms and in firms where job security is high. Although firm size also emphasizes the negative effect of age polarization on productivity, job security, unexpectedly, does not moderate this relationship. Our study offers a valuable contribution to the literature as it reveals the boundary conditions of the competing implications of age diversity and, thus, allows one to account for the inconclusive findings reported in previous literature. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
99.
Kristen M. Shockley Heather Ureksoy Ozgun Burcu Rodopman Laura F. Poteat Timothy Ryan Dullaghan 《组织行为杂志》2016,37(1):128-153
Career success is a main focus of career scholars as well as organizational stakeholders. Historically, career success has been conceptualized and measured in an objective manner, mainly as salary, rank, or number of promotions. However, the changing nature of work has also necessitated a change in the way many employees view success, adding a more subjective component. Although there has been theoretical discussion and calls to develop a comprehensive measure of subjective career success, no contemporary comprehensive quantitative measure exists. The goal of this study was to create and validate a measure of subjective career success, titled the Subjective Career Success Inventory (SCSI). The SCSI includes 24 items that address subjective career success via eight dimensions. The scale was developed and validated through four phases of data collection, beginning with interviews and focus groups, followed by item sorting tasks, then item refinement through confirmatory factor analysis, and finally convergent and discriminant validity quantitative analysis. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
100.
The caterpillars of Eucheira socialis westwoodi cooperatively spin and maintain a hollow silken nest and an elaborate network of silken foraging trails on their host plant,
madrone (Arbutus spp.: Ericaceae). Nests typically contain several hundred larvae. Two populations are known to harbor a sex ratio distorter.
The primary sex ratio in these two populations for four generations has been exceedingly male biased (64–79% male). Lepidoptera
larvae are easily sexed using external morphology, allowing us to uniquely mark male and female larvae and to assemble larval
groups of particular sex ratios. We report here the results of experiments on sex-specific larval behavior and physiology
and the effect of colony sex ratio on individual behavior. We found that male larvae spent more time spinning silk on the
nest and less time feeding than female larvae. Males were the first to emerge from the nest and the first to venture out along
trails to feed. Male-biased nests had a significantly greater amount of silk deposited on their surfaces than female-biased
nests. In the field, male-biased nests produced heavier male and female pupae than female-biased nests. Male and female larvae
in 75% male nests became active earlier than males and females in other sex ratio treatments.
Received: 11 September 1998 / Received in revised form: 24 February 1999 / Accepted: 27 March 1999 相似文献