Primary sludge stabilisation with calcium hydroxide

We studied the effect of the addition of calcium hydroxide to primary raw sludges. Calcium hydroxide enhances ammonia release as well as proteins and fats hydrolysis from the sludge organic material during stabilisation process. Changes in the molecular composition of the sludge extractable lipids caused by calcium hydroxide suspension, analysed using gas chromatography interfaced to mass spectrometry detector, are discussed. Calcium hydroxide treatment selectively removes fatty acids from the sludge lipids, while it has little effect on removal and molecular assemblage of the stanol and sterol compounds during sludge stabilisation. Biogenic n-alkanes are minor components in the sludge lipids.     

三聚磷酸钠在层状氢氧化镁铝及其焙烧产物上的吸附特性

通过静态吸附实验,研究了水溶液中三聚磷酸钠(STPP)在层状氢氧化镁铝(Mg-Al LDH)及其焙烧产物(Mg-Al CLDH)上的吸附性能,并用多晶X射线衍射对Mg-Al LDH,Mg-Al CLDH及Mg-Al CLDH吸附STPP后Mg-Al RLDH的结构进行了表征.结果表明,STPP在层状氢氧化镁铝及其焙烧产物上的吸附量和脱除率在pH为4.7-10.0时受溶液初始pH值的影响较小;饱和吸附量随温度的升高而增大,在25-50℃下,STPP在层状氢氧化镁铝上的饱和吸附量为34.52-40.20 mgP3 O105-·g-1,在25-60℃下,STPP在焙烧层状氢氧化镁铝上的饱和吸附量为118.67-179.57mgP3O105-·g-1.静态吸附热力学结果证明STPP在层状氢氧化镁铝及其焙烧产物上的吸附为自发的物理吸热过程,焓变与熵增是吸附的主要驱动力.     

氢氧化镁在环境污染治理中的应用研究进展

本文综述了不同种类氢氧化镁工业产品的特性及其在废水处理、烟气脱硫等方面的应用进展 ,并讨论了在我国的应用趋势     

Multivariate Statistics of the Pyrolysis Products of High Molecular Components in Pulping Wastewaters to Explain Their Toxicity (6 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope At present, large-scale paper manufacture involves delignification and bleaching by elemental chlorine free (ECF) or totally chlorine free (TCF) processes. The wastewater is purified by secondary treatment (mechanical, chemical and biological) which removes most of the toxic substances from the discharge. However, we found residual toxicity in the high molecular (> 1000 D) matter (HMWM) of the discharge by test of the RET (reverse electronic transfer) inhibition. This fraction consists mainly of polydisperse lignin (LIG) and carbohydrate (CH) macromolecules. Structural units in these molecules are studied by pyrolysis gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS). In the present work, our aim was to find out those structural units which could explain the RET toxicity of LIG or CH molecules. We compared statistically RET toxicity values of the HMWM samples from treated wastewaters of pilot pulping experiments and intensity variation of the pyrolysis product gas chromatograms of these samples. This application is a novel study procedure. Methods Pyrolysis products (Py-GC/MS results) and inhibition of RET (reverse electronic transport toxicity) as TU50 and TU20 of HMWM (High Molecular Weight Material; Mw > 1000 D) were compared by multivariate statistics. The samples were from laboratory pilot stages of TCF (Totally Chlorine Free) and ECF (Elemental Chlorine Free) manufacture of softwood pulp. Py-GC/MS was done without and with addition of TMAH (Tetra Methyl Ammonium Hydroxide). The name and structure of each abundant fragment compound was identified from its retention time and mass spectrum compared to authentic reference compounds or literature. Four sets of Toxicity Units (TUs) and GC peak areas of the pyrolysis fragments were obtained. The data were normalized by division with LIG (lignin content of each sample). TU values were dependent and the fragment values independent (explanatory) variables in statistical treatments by SPSS system. Separate analyses of correlations, principal components (PCA) and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) were performed from the four sample sets TCF and ECF with and without TMAH. Results and Discussion From the CH fragments, 2-furfural in TCF, and from the LIG fragments, styrene in ECF showed the highest probabilities to originate from source structures of toxicity. Other possible compounds in concern were indicated to be CH fragment 2-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one in ECF and LIG fragments 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, 4,5-dimethoxy-2-methylphenol and 2-methylphenol in TCF.     

环保型二次锌电极的研究

为了保护环境 ,减小污染 ,节约金属资源 ,十分有必要研究和开发环保型二次锌电极。本文提出了在表面覆盖稀土氢氧化物膜的二次锌电极的新思想 ,首先利用恒电位电解的方法在电极表面成功地覆盖一层均匀致密的稀土氢氧化物膜 ,再用恒电位电解、循环伏安、模拟充放电等实验方法 ,全面考察了稀土氢氧化物膜对锌电极可充性的影响。实验结果表明 :在锌电极表面成膜后 ,可以显著地抑制充电过程中的枝晶生长 ,又在电解液中加入枝晶抑制剂 ( CTMB) ,最后达到了令人满意的效果 ;同时 ,成膜还能有效地缓解锌电极在充放电过程中的容量损失。在整个实验过程中 ,完全去掉了传统的锌电极添加剂——有毒的汞 ,从而为研究和开发实用的环保型二次锌电极提供了一条新的途径     

Synthesis of novel adsorbent by intercalation of biopolymer in LDH for the removal of arsenic from synthetic and natural water

This study focuses on the synthesis of nanocomposites named CCA and CZA that were prepared by the incorporation of cellulose(CL) in the Ca/Al and Zn/Al layered double hydroxide(LDH),respectively.These materials were then used for the uptake of As(Ⅲ)and As(V) from aqueous medium.Characterization of both nanocomposites(CCA and CZA) was done using FTIR and Raman analysis to identify the functional groups, N_2 adsorption-desorption isotherms to determine the specific surface area and pore geometry and XPS analysis to obtain the surface atomic composition.Some other characters were investigated using simultaneous TGA and DTA and elemental chemical analysis(CHNS/O).The crystallinity of the prepared nanocomposites was displayed by XRD patterns.Furthermore,the sheet-like structure of the LDHs and the irregularity of surface morphology with porous structure were observed by TEM and SEM microphotographs.Optimization of maximum adsorption capacity was adjusted using different parameters including pH,contact time and adsorbent dosage.The pseudo-second-order model was in good fitting with kinetics results.The adsorption isotherm results showed that CZA exhibits better adsorption capacity for As(Ⅲ) than CCA and the Langmuir isotherm model described the data well for both nanocomposites.Thermodynamic studies illustrated the endothermic nature of CCA and exothermic nature on CZA,as well as the fact that the adsorption process is spontaneous.A real water sample collected from well located in Gabes(Tunisia),has also been treated.The obtained experimental results were confirmed that these sorbents are efficient for the treatment of hazardous toxic species such as.     

用于除氟的羟基氧化锆粉末的制备与表征

采用共沉淀法制备用于除氟的羟基氧化锆吸附剂,研究碱的滴加速度、沉淀终点pH值、烘干时间和焙烧温度4个制备条件对吸附剂除氟性能的影响.结果表明,制备羟基氧化锆吸附剂的优选工艺参数为:碱的滴加速度2mL/min,沉淀终点pH值7.0,烘干时间72h和焙烧温度低于100℃.对所制备的羟基氧化锆进行表征,SEM结果表明它是由一些小颗粒团聚而成,粒径为20～30μm左右的粉末材料,XRD和TG/DTA说明羟基氧化锆具有无定形结构,并在焙烧温度达到600℃时转化为四方相结构,同时氮气吸附脱附法测定其具有高比表面积约138.4m2/g,孔隙结构以中孔为主,平均孔径2nm左右.本研究还对羟基氧化锆的再生性能进行了分析,结果显示吸附剂吸附饱和后,经过再生技术处理,可基本恢复原有除氟性能.     

氢氧化铁和腐殖酸结合态镉在文蛤体内的富集

氢氧化铁和腐殖酸是沉积物中重金属的重要储存库,在一定程度上均可以控制重金属在底栖生物体内的富集.本文在3个浓度梯度(70、140、280mg·kg-1)下,通过颗粒物悬浮系统,研究了氢氧化铁和腐殖酸颗粒上附着的Cd在文蛤体内富集规律.实验结果表明,氢氧化铁和腐殖酸结合态Cd对文蛤的生物有效性存在显著差异.在Cd浓度为7...     

碱处理对秸秆厌氧消化的影响

为减少秸秆碱处理的碱用量,提高秸秆的产气量,从产气量、XRD和FTIR等角度对碱预处理与后处理进行了初步比较,并对碱处理前后秸秆浸提液的理化性质以及秸秆的物质结构变化进行了分析.结果表明,秸秆经5%NaOH处理48 h后,细胞中的有机物大量溶出,COD、TN、NO 3--N和NH 4+-N分别从2 311.11、175.40、5.02和117.82 mg/L增至10 488.89、417.84、248.64和141.44 mg/L,表明碱处理不仅破坏木质纤维结构,还破坏核酸、氨基酸等含氮物的结构,将其中的氮以NO 3--N和NH 4+-N的形式释放出来;碱处理破坏了秸秆木质素结构,木质素含量降低,但纤维素的相对结晶度增加,从0.592 3增加到0.662 2.厌氧消化的结果显示,秸秆预处理与后处理的产气能力相当,单位TS产气量分别为382.32 mL/g和375.84 mL/g,较对照分别提高了28.13%和25.96%,但后处理的碱用量仅为预处理的50%;厌氧发酵后对照中的木质素含量增加,而预处理和后处理均降低,后处理对木质素的破坏效果更好;厌氧微生物可破坏纤维素的结晶区,后处理对纤维素结晶区和无定形区的破坏均强于预处理.     

沉积物中氧化物结合态镉对芦苇的生物有效性研究：氧化物种类、结合形式、老化的影响

沉积物中重金属的生物有效性在很大程度上取决于其赋存形态.选用沉积物中2种典型氢氧化物矿物:氢氧化铁和氢氧化铝,以水培法和矿物结合态Cd为培养介质,以芦苇为受试植物,研究环境中吸附和共沉淀态Cd生物有效性差别,并探究老化过程对生物有效性的影响.经过13 d的培养,发现2种结合形式的Cd均可被芦苇富集,不同处理体系中富集强度不同,根中富集量为9.1~37.8 mg.kg-1;地上部分富集量为0~10.0 mg.kg-1.其中,结合在Fe0.5Al0.5(OH)3矿物上的Cd的生物有效性最大,其次是Fe(OH)3和老化的Fe0.5Al0.5(OH)3,富集量最少的是老化的Fe(OH)3的处理.采用2种低分子量有机酸对Cd进行解吸实验,Cd的解吸规律与芦苇对Cd的富集规律一致.因此,共沉淀处理降低了Cd的富集,矿物的理化性质决定了含铝矿物对Cd的结合较差,老化作用抑制了吸附态Cd的富集,有机酸解吸实验也验证了不同形态Cd生物有效性的差异.