磁性生物炭负载Mg-Fe水滑石的制备及其吸附水中Cd（Ⅱ）和Ni（Ⅱ）的性能

合成了一种高吸附容量的磁性生物炭负载Mg-Fe水滑石复合材料（L-BC）,并用于去除水中的Cd²⁺和Ni²⁺。表征结果表明,采用浸渍联合热解法成功制备了磁性生物炭（M-BC）,水热合成法成功地将Mg-Fe水滑石负载在M-BC上。动力学研究结果表明,Cd²⁺和Ni²⁺吸附符合伪二级动力学模型,化学吸附为速率控制步骤。等温吸附研究结果表明,L-BC对Cd²⁺和Ni²⁺的吸附符合Langmuir模型,为单分子层化学吸附,最大吸附量分别为263.156 mg/g和43.291 mg/g。吸附机理主要为Mg-Fe水滑石层间CO₃^2-和表面羟基与Cd²⁺和Ni²⁺产生表面共沉淀。L-BC具有良好的吸附和重复利用性能,是一种很有前景的去除Cd²⁺和Ni²⁺的吸附材料。     

粉煤灰基层状金属氧化物对水中活性红X-3B的吸附

以粉煤灰(FA)为原料,采用共沉淀法制备了层状双金属氢氧化物(LDH)和层状金属氧化物(LMO,也称LDO),并采用XRD和BET技术进行了表征。比较了FA、LDH、LMO对活性红X-3B染料(X-3B)的吸附效果;考察了LMO吸附X-3B的影响因素,并探讨了吸附机理。XRD表征结果表明,LMO在吸附X-3B后重新恢复LDH层状结构。BET表征结果表明,LMO的比表面积大于LDH。吸附实验结果表明,3种吸附剂对X-3B吸附效果的优劣顺序为:LMOLDHFA;在初始X-3B质量浓度为50 mg/L、LMO投加量为2.0 g/L、吸附温度为25℃、吸附pH为7、吸附时间为30 min的条件下,X-3B去除率可达98.1%;LMO对X-3B的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,饱和吸附量为129.53 mg/g,且吸附过程可用准二级动力学方程描述。     

化学沉淀法强化常规工艺应急去除水中的镉

在常规工艺基础上,通过投加氢氧化钠,实验进行了应急去除重金属镉的研究。实验结果表明,该方法能有效去除饮用水水源的镉,效果稳定,可进行应急处理。对pH、镉初始浓度和混凝剂投加量3个影响因素的灰色关联分析表明,3个因素对镉去除效果影响的大小排序为:滤后水pH>混凝剂投加量>镉初始浓度。在水源镉突发污染时,在原有常规水处理工艺基础上,通过控制滤后水pH可实现对重金属镉的去除,pH的控制值与水源水质有关。     

水滑石与磷酸银可见光催化剂的活性对比研究

本文合成了具备水滑石结构(LDH)的Zn-Cr LDH、Zn-Ti LDH以及Ag3PO43种半导体光催化剂,并对它们的催化性能进行对比研究。XRD和SEM分析表明,Zn-Cr LDH、Zn-Ti LDH具有层状结构而Ag3PO4呈纳米球状结构。UV-Vis分析表明,Ag3PO4和Zn-Cr LDH能够吸收可见光(>420 nm)。在可见光照射与添加AgNO3作为电子受体的条件下,Zn-TiLDH几乎没有光催化活性,而Ag3PO4的光催化活性高于Zn-Cr LDH。Ag3PO4在光解水实验中180 min内氧气产量约1.2mL,而Zn-Cr LDH约为0.65 mL。光催化降解有机污染物实验中,在Ag3PO4催化作用下,120 min内亚甲基蓝(MB)被完全降解,在240 min内46%的对硝基酚(PNP)被降解,而Zn-Cr LDH相应的去除率分别为61%和27%。     

粒状羟基氧化铁对废水中硝酸盐的吸附

本实验研究了粒状羟基氧化铁(GFH)对人工配制含氮废水中NO3--N吸附的影响因素、吸附等温线和吸附动力学。结果表明,GFH的吸附平衡时间为80 min,增加NO3--N溶液的初始浓度,去除率下降;pH值为5时GFH对NO3--N的吸附能力最强,pH值升高和降低,吸附能力均下降;GFH对NO3--N的吸附能力随着温度的升高略有降低;在25℃下,以Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程分别对GFH吸附NO3--N的等温线进行拟合,拟合效果以Langmuir方程较好,相关性达到0.9930。GFH吸附NO3--N的过程符合拟二级动力学方程,初始时刻的吸附速率h在35℃时最大,为1.653 mg/(g.mg),吸附速率常数随温度的升高而增大;吸附反应的活化能Ea为54.72 kJ/mol。本研究结果表明,GFH在饮用水脱氮和含氮浓度较低的污水再生回用领域有实际应用的潜力。     

改性膨胀石墨对含铅废水吸附特性

采用微波法在1 000 W下微波膨胀60 s制备了膨胀石墨,以乙醇为分散剂,采用超声沉淀法制备了纳米氢氧化镁,同时将纳米氢氧化镁负载到膨胀石墨孔隙中,制备出一种新型吸附剂,并采用静态吸附的方法研究了该吸附剂对铅离子的吸附效果,实验证明当改性膨胀石墨的用量为0.035 g,铅溶液的pH=4,铅溶液初始浓度为300 mg/L,吸附温度为25℃时,该吸附剂对铅离子的去除率能达到48%,吸附容量能达到105 mg/g左右。同时该吸附反应能够较好地符合Lang-muir吸附等温式以及二级动力学模型。     

La在模拟水生态系统中的动力学行为

采用140La放射示踪技术,研究了稀土元素镧（La）在模拟水生态系统各组分中的迁移分布规律．并建立了相应的数学模型．结果表明,La在模拟水生态系统各组分中的积累率大小依次为：金鱼藻＞底泥＞螺蛳＞鱼,La在系统内的动态变化规律可用封闭分室模型来描述．     

类水滑石对污泥焚烧飞灰浸出液中磷的纯化

采用Mg-Fe型类水滑石（LDH）吸附剂提纯污泥焚烧飞灰（ISSA）浸出液中的磷,探究了吸附剂煅烧对磷吸附效果的影响及磷吸附和脱附机理.研究发现,在高浓度磷溶液（>1000mg/L）中,未煅烧的类水滑石（LDHu）磷吸附容量高于煅烧后的类水滑石（LDHc）.LDHu具有典型的层状结构,磷的吸附与脱附主要通过磷和金属离子沉淀-溶解、静电吸附-排斥、配位作用和离子交换实现.而LDHc层状结构消失,形成双金属氧化物,不存在明显的阴离子交换作用.经LDHu或LDHc吸附和NaOH溶液脱附后,ISSA浸出液均具有良好的磷纯化效果,磷相对纯度从36%分别上升至77%和69%,磷回收率分别为84%和57%.纯化后的溶液适合制备高值含磷产物.     

Phenol degradation in waters with high iodide level by layered double hydroxide-peroxodisulfate: Pathways and products

Recently, layered double hydroxide-peroxodisulfate (LDH-PDS) as an advanced oxidation system can effectively remove organics by the pathway of free radical. However, little has been known if there is a potential risk regarding the formation of high toxic iodine byproducts through another pathway when LDH-PDS is used in high iodide waters at coastal areas. Therefore, this study investigated phenol degradation pathways and transformation products to evaluate both removal mechanism and potential risk by LDH-PDS in high iodide waters. The results showed that in LDH-PDS system, with the degradation of PDS, phenol degraded till below detection limit in 1 hr in the presence of iodide, while PDS and phenol were hardly degraded in the absence of iodide, indicating iodide accelerated the transformation of PDS and the degradation of phenol. What is more, it reached the highest phenol removal efficiency under the condition of 100 mg/L LDH, 0.1 mmol/L PDS and 1.0 mmol/L iodide. In LDH-PDS system, iodide was rapidly oxidized by the highly active interlayer PDS, resulting in the formation of reactive iodine including hypoiodic acid, iodine and triiodide instead of free radicals, which contributed rapid degradation of phenol. However, unfortunately toxic iodophenols were detected. Specifically, 2-iodophenol and 4-iodophenol were formed firstly, afterwards 2,4-diiodophenol and 2,6-diiodophenol were produced, and finally iodophenols and diiodophenols gradually decreased and 2,4,6-Triiodophenol were produced. These results indicated that LDH-PDS should avoid to use in high iodide waters to prevent toxic iodine byproduct formation although iodide can accelerate phenol degradation.     

Effects of rare earth elements La and Yb on the morphological and functional development of zebrafish embryos

In recent years, with the wide applications and mineral exploitation of rare earth elements, their potential environmental and health effects have caused increasing public concern. Effect of rare earth elements La and Yb on the morphological and functional development of zebrafish embryos were studied. The embryos were exposed to La³⁺ or Yb³⁺ at 0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 mmol/L, respectively. Early life stage parameters such as egg and embryo mortality, gastrula development, tail detachment, eyes, somite formation, circulatory system, pigmentation, malformations, hatching rate, length of larvae and mortality were investigated. The results showed La³⁺ and Yb³⁺ delayed zebrafish embryo and larval development, decreased survival and hatching rates, and caused tail malformation in a concentration-dependent way. Moreover, heavy rare-earth ytterbium led to more severe acute toxicity of zebrafish embryo than light rare-earth lanthanum.