Setting the stage for the review of the international estimate of short-term intake (IESTI) equation

ABSTRACT

In the framework of setting Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for pesticides, both chronic and acute health risks to consumers arising from the long-term and short-term dietary exposure to pesticide residues have to be assessed. The current internationally harmonized approach for assessing the acute dietary exposure is based on deterministic methods for calculating the IESTI (International Estimate of Short-Term Intake). Recently, it became apparent that the IESTI approach needs a revision in the light of new scientific and political aspects. The main reasons that require this review were the lack of an international harmonization of the methodology which implies trade barriers as well as difficulties in risk communication concerning the public trust in regulatory systems. The most recent milestone in the scientific debate on a possible revision of the IESTI equation was an international scientific workshop held in Geneva in September 2015. The main objectives of this meeting were the re-evaluation, and where possible, the international harmonization of the input parameters for the IESTI equations as well as the equations themselves. The main recommendations from the workshop were (i) to replace the highest residue and supervised trials median residue with the maximum residue limit (MRL), (ii) to use a standard variability factor of three, (iii) to derive the P97.5 large portion value from the distribution of consumption values of dietary surveys expressed as kg food/kg bw/d, and (iv) to remove the commodity unit weight from the equations. In addition, the application of conversion factors and processing factors was addressed. On the initiative of the (World Health Organization) WHO Collaborating Centre on Chemical Food Safety at the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands, an international working group with members from the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, France (ANSES), Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Australia (APVMA), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Germany (BfR), Chemical Regulation Division, the United Kingdom (CRD), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and RIVM, the Netherlands was formed after the IESTI workshop to conduct a comprehensive impact assessment of the proposed changes of the IESTI equations.     

大容积无缝气瓶瓶口外螺纹修复方法及安全分析

为确定不同瓶口壁厚气瓶的外螺纹修复方式,采用数值和理论方法,通过分析外螺纹修复后气瓶的瓶体应力分布、周向转动和轴向窜动情况,对直接加工和采用热套工艺加装衬环2种瓶口外螺纹修复方式的安全性进行评价。结果表明:针对内螺纹规格为3-1/4″-8UN的气瓶,当采用直接加工方式将外螺纹修复至4-1/2″-8UN时,气瓶最大应力位于气瓶筒体上,此时气瓶可安全使用;当已修复至4-1/2″-8UN的瓶口外螺纹再次出现磨损时,直接加工的修复方式会对气瓶的安全使用造成影响,应采用热套工艺加装衬环方式修复瓶口螺纹。     

单跑楼梯井内火灾过程的数值模拟

针对单跑楼梯井内的火灾过程,采用大涡模拟方法,通过改变单跑楼梯井顶层门的面积,探讨了门面积的改变对楼梯井内火灾过程中空气卷吸量、排烟量、楼梯井内平均氧气浓度以及楼梯井内外压差的影响,分析了火灾烟气流动的动力学特征。研究结果表明,随着单跑楼梯井门开口面积的增加,空气卷吸量和排烟量均增加,井内平均氧气浓度增加而井内外压差逐渐降低。计算结果显示,在火灾场景中,当单跑楼梯井顶层门面积较小时,以上物理量对门高度的变化更为敏感。     

原油储罐区可燃气体探测器布置优化方案研究

为有效预警原油储备区储罐气体泄漏,制定气体探测器布置优化方案,以某大型原油站库为例,基于CFD法和FLACS软件模拟原油泄漏及可燃蒸汽云溢散分布,通过分析蒸汽云扩散规律,实现全方位气体探测器优化布置.结果表明:原油储罐区探测器分别布置在区块21-2、6-1、31-1、40-2,且每个罐组总计布置16处;优化设置方案可满...     

Measurement Diagnostics by Analysis of Last Digits

Though measurement instruments and methods have their natural precision limits, long term monitoring, which is so importantfor environmental studies, requires to set up and maintaincertain standards regarding precision. The elementaryrequirement is to produce measurements with a prescribed numberof valid digits. If the technology further develops and allowsto increase the number of valid digits, the change should bedocumented. In this paper we discuss a simple procedure for validity assessment of the last digits of data in a data base.It may be useful for both calibration control of an instrumentas well as for preliminary data analysis in scientific studies.The procedure utilizes the assumption that, under normalconditions, the last digits of the observed data can usually beconsidered as uniformly distributed random numbers. Failures ordeliberate changes in the observation mechanism can be detectedif particular digits occur more frequently than the others. Thedecision about proper representations of the last digits is doneby means of the familiar chi-square statistics.     

基于大数据分析的大气网格化监测质控技术研究

基于对现阶段中国环境空气的污染特征及监测手段进行分析,研究了如何采用传感器技术进行大气污染防治网格化监测。对标物校准、训化校准、自适应校准、传递校准等校准质控技术进行了充分研究并基于此建立了自主学习神经网络算法的校准体系。为解决传感器应用过程中零点漂移、温度和湿度漂移、时间漂移等问题,利用大数据、基因算法成功开发出了智能数据修正模型,实现了低成本、高稳定、具有相当精度且可自动化运行的网格化监测体系。     

大型水生植物对骆马湖氮、磷元素的影响

对骆马湖有草区和无草区水体和沉积物中氮、磷元素含量分析,结果表明:无草区水体中总氮、总磷含量高于有草区;有草区表层沉积物总氮含量随时间变化明显,而无草区表层沉积物总氮含量随时间的变化很小;有草区与无草区表层沉积物中总磷含量的时间变化并无明显差异;有草区表层沉积物总氮含量基本上均高于无草区,而有草区表层沉积物总磷含量均要低于无草区。骆马湖有草区与无草区采样点沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性大小在58.41～315.07 mg/(kg.h)范围内变化,有草区的碱性磷酸酶的活性普遍低于无草区的碱性磷酸酶活性。在湖泊中种植大型水生植物确实可以减少水体污染,达到净化水质的目的。     

饱和砂土地震液化后地面大位移特性研究

地震引起的地基液化常会造成地基大的侧向变形而导致灾难性的破坏,饱水砂土液化后的变形特性是地震液化大位移研究的基础。通过全自动多功能三轴仪的空心样动加载液化后的静扭剪试验,对饱水砂土液化后大变形特性进行了试验研究。结果表明,与常规静加载特性不同,饱水砂土液化后静加载时表现出单调剪胀的特性,加载初始阶段孔压基本不变,应变达到一定幅度后孔压一直减小,液化后变形曲线可分为低强度段和强度恢复段。低强度段模量近乎为零,强度恢复段试样强度不断增长。低强度段是液化后大变形发生的主要阶段。     

室内火灾烟气运动及机械排烟的大涡模拟

采用机械排烟是控制建筑火灾烟气扩散与蔓延的一种有效手段。利用大涡模拟方法,对建筑物室内火灾烟气运动及机械排烟进行了数值模拟。在室内后侧墙处有机械排烟口的条件下,模拟得到的烟气瞬时温度随时间的变化与实验相符合,计算出的烟气层高度也与实验相符合。通过数值模拟对室内机械排烟口的位置进行了优化选取,表明机械排烟口的不同位置对室内烟气运动有较大的影响。当火源位于房间地面中心时,在顶棚中心或左端中心实施机械排烟比在后侧墙处实施机械排烟可取得较好的排烟效果。这说明将排烟口布置在沿烟气运动趋势较强的路径且远离进风口处,可有效地控制室内烟气层的高度。     

复杂山区地形水利水电液氨施工泄漏研究

水电工程中液氨泄漏扩散对周围居民的危害很大,疏散区域划分成为重要的防护措施,但在复杂地形条件下确立准确的疏散区域成为难题。为解决这一难题,通过现场调查所得数据,采用大涡模拟方法对泄漏气体扩散进行模拟,分析氨的泄漏扩散在大气中的扩散规律,研究泄漏气体的扩散动力学演化过程及影响范围,计算泄漏事故中不同时间段影响范围,得出时间序列上的爆炸危险区域和有毒气体影响区域,最后总结分析制定安全防护距离的影响因素,为周边居民安全防护策略提供参考。