大粒径厨余垃圾水热碳化制备炭燃料

开展了不同温度条件（150～300℃）下大粒径（>2 cm）厨余垃圾水热碳化实验,研究了水热炭的理化性质、燃烧特性和关键元素迁移规律.实验结果表明,当水热温度过低,厨余垃圾颗粒尺寸影响水热碳化效果;大粒径厨余垃圾碳化需更高的水热温度;水热温度250～300℃产生的水热炭具有高热值(24.48～26.9 MJ·kg^-1)、高燃料比（0.44～0.56）、高含碳量（59.6%～65.6%）和低含灰量（8.51%～4.35%）的特点.随着水热温度提高,水热炭中碳含量升高、灰含量下降;水热炭的着火温度、燃烬温度、挥发分释放特性指数VI、可燃性指数CI和综合燃烧特性指数CP均上升,提高了燃烧稳定性;同时水热炭中K、Na浓度降低,有利于降低水热炭燃烧结焦;N、S在水热炭中分布比例下降,这将减少水热炭燃烧的烟气污染物排放.因此,水热碳化能实现大粒径厨余垃圾的燃料化利用.     

我国大型火电机组FGD未来发展方向探讨

针对大型火电机组FGD未来发展方向,对我国近年来火电厂烟气脱硫标准及FGD技术发展进行了回顾、分析,结论是随着国家环保标准的不断提高,必须为大机组FGD设备裕度考虑一定的空间,火电厂FGD将向多元化发展,湿式烟气脱硫(WFGD)将向BOT模式、规范化和大型化发展.     

CFAST在大空间火灾模拟中的应用研究

为了实现区域模拟软件CFAST在大空间火灾模拟中的应用,深入研究多区域模拟的模拟效果,引入了均匀划分和局部加密的两种多区域模拟方法.采用与实验研究相结合的方法,与测量结果对比,发现采用均匀区域划分方法时,在满足CFAST允许的区域总数要求和每个区域符合CFAST推荐的区域尺寸比例的条件下,采用的区域越多,模拟结果越精确;同时,采用在火源附近区域分布密集的局部加密划分方法,模拟效果优于均匀划分方法,烟气层最高温度相对实验测量结果的误差仅为4.3％,更接近实际.     

大断面巷道中空预应力注浆锚杆的支护效果研究

针对金川矿区大断面巷道在强构造应力作用下围岩变形严重的情况,提出了中空预应力注浆锚杆的支护工艺。通过数值计算得出以下结论:相比传统的普通砂浆锚杆支护工艺,采用中空预应力注浆锚杆支护工艺能够主动加固围岩,提高支护刚度;巷道两帮的变形减小了约14.56%,最大、最小主应力分别降低了4.4%和7.2%,粘结层破坏范围也随之减小。通过对支护后巷道变形监测发现:两帮最终变形量减小了约36.6%;通过抗拔实验,中空预应力注浆锚杆的抗拔力达到140kN,远大于普通砂浆锚杆的40kN抗拔力,中空预应力注浆锚杆有更好的支护效果。     

Large‐Scale Fine‐Resolution Hydrological Modeling Using Parameter Regionalization in the Missouri River Basin

This study simulated crop and water yields in the Missouri River Basin (MRB; 1,371,000 km²), one of the largest river basins in the United States, using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) at a fine resolution of 12‐digit Hydrological Unit Codes (HUCs) using the regionalization calibration approach. Very few studies have simulated the entire MRB, and those that have developed were at a coarser resolution of 8‐digit HUCs and were minimally calibrated. The MRB was first divided into three subbasins and was further divided into eleven regions. A “head watershed” was selected in each region and was calibrated for crop and water yields. The parameters from the calibrated head watershed were extrapolated to other subwatersheds in the region to complete comprehensive spatial calibration. The simulated crop yields at the head watersheds were in close agreement with observed crop yields. Spatial validation of the aggregated crop yields resulted in reasonable predictions for all crops except dryland corn in a few regions. Simulated and observed water yields in head watersheds and also in the validation locations were in close agreement in naturalized streams and poor agreement in streams with high groundwater‐surface water interactions and/or reservoirs found upstream of the gauges. Overall, the SWAT model was able to reasonably capture the hydrological and crop growth dynamics occurring in the basin despite some limitations.     

种粮大户扩大农地规模意愿存在盲目性吗?

种粮大户扩大农地经营规模出于什么样的动机?是否存在盲目性?这一问题的答案不仅关系到粮食安全问题,也关乎到农村土地流转和农业适度规模经营政策等重大问题。本文基于2015年1月和8月对安徽省种粮大户的两次实地调研数据,建立heckman两阶段模型和解释结构模型(ISM),检验种粮大户扩大农地规模意愿是否存在盲目性并探寻导致规模扩张意愿的因素及其作用机制。研究发现:种粮大户扩大规模意愿强烈,且在不同农户间扩张意愿差异显著;影响其扩大规模意愿及意愿强度的浅层次因素为农户借贷能力,其中,民间借贷途径、正规金融贷款经验对扩大规模意愿的正向影响作用显著;中层次因素为家庭资源禀赋,其中家庭资本禀赋不足对农户扩大规模意愿及强度产生显著正向的影响,家庭劳动力数量对农户扩大规模意愿强度有显著负向影响;深层次因素为同行态度、家人态度、政策激励等外部环境因素,其中,同行态度、家人态度、获得荣誉称号、获得物质奖励等因素对扩大规模意愿的正向影响作用显著。研究结果表明,种粮大户规模扩展意愿存在一定的盲目性,究其原因:一是种粮大户强烈的逐利动机和较强的风险偏好,农户几乎完全褪去生计生产者的身份,家庭资源不足使得农户依赖于借贷满足扩大生产意愿,表现出对债务风险的偏好;二是粮食生产规模化进程中同行、家人的主观规范及一味求快贪大的行业政策激励导向。鉴于此,应加强现代企业管理知识培训,提升种粮大户科学管理和科学决策水平;建立粮食生产适度规模风险监测预警机制;调整政策导向、行业导向和舆论导向以抑制种粮大户的盲目扩张行为。     

大型梯级水库对河流生态流量的影响——以金沙江下游梯级为例

大型梯级水库通常具有较大的调节库容,水库运行使坝下河道自然的流量过程受到较大扰动,一些具有重要生态意义的流量组的特征被改变,如洪水、高流量脉动、低流量和极端低流量。基于BRAIN等提出的河流生态流量影响研究理论,结合金沙江屏山断面的水文与河流生态的关系,选取水平年组对高流量脉动和极端低流量组的判别参数进行率定,确定自然条件下屏山断面生态流量组指标值。模拟金沙江下游梯级建成后的逐日流量过程,求得各生态流量组指标值并与自然条件下的指标值进行对比,分析金沙江下游“乌东德-白鹤滩-溪洛渡-向家坝”梯级水库建成后可能对屏山断面生态流量过程的影响。研究结果表明：建库后屏山断面将可能出现“极端低流量消失、低流量提高、高流量脉动散化、洪水基本保持”的变化特点.     

基于大涡模拟的旋风分离器内流场数值模拟研究

为了研究旋风分离器内流场的运动状况,借助Fluent软件,采用大涡模拟,基于曲线坐标系的SIMPLEC算法,对切向入口的Stairmand旋风分离器内流场进行了三维数值模拟研究。数值结果表明,大涡模拟适合于三维强旋流的流场模拟,分离器内部的流动空间可分为内、外2个流动区域,在不同的流动区域中,气体压力、速度场的分布有较大的差异。而且压力分布与速度分布不是绝对的轴对称分布。数值模拟结果对其设计优化研究有一定的应用价值。     

Adaptation of Nitraria sphaerocarpa to wind-blown sand environments at the edge of a desert oasis

This study addresses the adaptation of Nitraria sphaervcarpa to blown sand at the edge of a desert oasis with regard to the aspects of soil seed banks, seedlings, and population. Horizontally, the total number of seeds per unit area decreased from the shrub canopy center to intershrub areas, and most seeds were found under shrub canopies. Vertically, the highest proportion of seeds was found at depths of 5-10 cm. The emergence percentage, seedling mass, and seedling height, which were significantly affected by both burial depth and seed size, were highest at the optimal burial depth of 2 cm, and decreased with increasing burial depth in each seed size-class. Although seedling mass was usually greatest for large seeds and least for small seeds at each burial depth, little difference was observed in seedling height at shallow burial depths of 0-3 cm. The population shows a patchy and discontinuous distribution pattern. Population height increases with increasing sand depth. Also the density increases with increasing depth of sand in the desert; however, there is a steady decrease when the depth of sand is more than 100 cm. This result indicates that the depth of sand that is most suitable for the growth of Nitraria sphaervcarpa is 100 cm. The size of the population is significantly correlated with the sand depth, which increases with increasing depth in the desert.     

Temperature dependence of the absolute rate constant for the reaction of ozone with dimethyl sulfide

Absolute rate constants for the reaction of ozone with dimethyl sulfide (DMS) were measured in a 200-L Teflon chamber over the temperature range of 283-353 K. Measurements were carried out using DMS in large excess over ozone of 10 to 1 or greater. Over the indicated temperature range,the data could be fit to the simple Arrhenius expression as KDMS = (9.96±3.61)×10-11exp(-(7309.7±1098.2)/T)cm3/(molecule·s). A compared investigation of the reaction between ozone and ethene had a kc2H4 value of(1.35±0.11)×10-18 cm3/(molecule·s) at room temperature.