浅谈大型水利工程对生态的影响

大型水利工程一般指为当地提供防洪除涝、供排水等大型水利枢纽工程,涉及地域范围较广,对生态影响往往具有宏观影响、区域性影响等特性,其生态环境影响与民生息息相关。本文以黑龙江省最大的湿地——扎龙湿地附近的“三江平原近期防洪治涝工程”和“引嫩扩建骨干一期工程”两个国家“十一五”重点大型水利工程为例,简要论述了大型水利工程建设对生态环境影响评价中常见的难点以及应该采取的对策,从而更好地实现水利工程建设与生态保护的和谐发展。     

某国际机场航站楼离港层大空间的复合排烟方案

某国际机场航站楼的离港层大厅防火分区包括离港大厅和安检边检区,建筑面积近2万平米,最高处净高22米,最低处净高4米,属于复杂的大空间建筑,难以采用全区的机械排烟或自然排烟方案.采用了一种复合排烟方案以保证人员安全疏散和灭火救援,即在离港大厅内自然排烟,在安检边检区机械排烟,在离港大厅和安检边检区之间的大开口处设置挡烟垂壁,防止烟气相互蔓延.两个区域的排烟系统各自独立控制,但可以在排烟时通过大开口为相邻区域提供自然补风.此外还在安检边检区设置快速响应喷头来控制火灾热释放速率.该排烟方案充分利用了空问特点,有利于烟气控制和人员安全疏散.最后通过计算机数值模拟验证了该方案的合理性和有效性.     

移民环境容量有关问题的探讨

叙述了移民环境容量研究的意义，探讨了移民环境容量研究工作中存在的问题，并定义了移民环境容量，最后，提出移民环境容量的研究方法和工作程序。     

Pashmina production and socio‐economic changes in the Indian Changthang: Implications for natural resource management

A unique pastoral community uses the arid rangelands of eastern Ladakh, known as Changthang, northern India. The nomadic people rear a variety of livestock such as sheep, goats, horses and yaks, which provide them with various goods and services. Nevertheless, the needs and aspirations of the people are changing. There is a trend towards increasing the livestock population, especially of a breed of goat that produces one of the finest natural fibres: Pashmina, which is the mainstay of their economy. This increase in goat population, however, is jeopardising the long‐term survival of the wild herbivores in the region, and as such is not sustainable. We present information on the current trends in socio‐economy, Pashmina production, wildlife conservation, and the conflicts of interest between wildlife and nomads in the region. On the basis of this information, we make suggestions for the conservation of natural resources in the region. We recommend preserving the historical societal norms and notions of the people, and capitalising on them to manage natural resources. We also recommend joint management of natural resources by the local people, State and non‐governmental organisations. Our findings provide a platform on which a grazing policy for the region may be formulated.     

水中天然有机大分子对混凝影响的电动特征

以流动电流为特征参数，研究了水处理混凝过程中，天然有机大分子对水中悬浮胶体颗粒，无机盐混凝剂及其相互作用过程所表现出的电动性质特征，探讨了ＨＡ和ＤＡ影响混凝过程电动特性的条件与机理。结果表明，ＨＡ和ＤＡ的存在大大降低了无机盐混凝剂对水中悬浮胶粒作用的电动效果，这与二对混凝效果的影响具有一致性。     

基于性能化设计的某大型游乐场人员疏散研究

作为新兴的室内大型娱乐场所,游乐场建筑规模大,功能复杂,现行建筑防火设计规范已不能完全适用于这类建筑,因而其消防安全问题极为突出。基于性能化防火设计方法,利用疏散模拟软件STEPS对某大型游乐场人员疏散进行了模拟计算,评估了其人员疏散的安全性,并给出了保证人员安全疏散的建议,所得结果对类似场所的人员疏散具有指导意义。     

个性化通风在改善大空间空气质量中的应用

针对某大型超市的空气质量调查结果从健康与舒适性角度提出了个性化通风的必要性,并对个性化通风在开敞大空间中应用的可行性及空气质量改善效果进行了论证。研究结果对于空调通风系统的设计、运行管理以及超市的经营策略的不断完善有一定的借鉴作用。     

大型复杂电子系统开展“五性”一体化设计的必要性

本文首先对大型复杂电子系统的特点及"五性"一体化设计的思想进行了阐述,进而结合工程实际,分析了当前"五性"设计存在的问题,提出开展"五性"一体化设计是解决上述问题的根本出路,并提出了相应建议措施,对如何建立"五性"指标体系、综合设计模型、"五性"一体化信息平台进行了一定的阐述。     

Electrofishing in boatable rivers: Does sampling design affect bioassessment metrics?

Data were collected from 60 boatable sites using an electrofishing design that permitted comparisons of the effects of designs and distances on fish assemblage metrics. Sites were classified a priori as Run-of-the-River (ROR) or Restricted Flow (RF). Data representing four different design options (i.e., 1000 and 2000 m for both single and paired banks) were extracted from the dataset and analyzed. Friedman tests comparing metric values among the designs detected significant differences for all richness metrics at both types of sites and for catch per unit effort and percent tolerant species at ROR sites. Richness metrics were generally higher for the two 2000-m designs than for the two 1000-m designs. When plotted against cumulative electrofishing distance, the percent change in metrics declined sharply within approximately 1000 m, after which metrics usually varied by less than 10%. These data demonstrate that designs electrofishing 1000 m of shoreline are sufficient for bioassessments on boatable rivers similar to those in this study, regardless of whether the shoreline is along a single bank or distributed equally among paired banks. However, at sites with depths greater than 4 m, it may be advisable to employ nighttime electrofishing or increase day electrofishing designs to 2000 m.The U.S. Governments right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.