火电厂生态工业园评价指标体系研究

建立了火电厂生态工业园评价指标体系,运用层次分析法确定了指标体系中各指标的权重,建立了火电厂生态工业园模糊综合评价模型,确定了火电厂生态工业园综合评价的程序和方法,并将这一模型应用于包头铝电生态工业园。     

特大型冷却塔及冷水机组房噪声治理

本文对特大型冷却塔及冷水机组房的噪声特性进行了测量分析。根据其噪声源特性，采取了加装进排气消音器、吸声、隔声、减振等综合治理方案。治理后的实测结果表明：该项噪声治理工程投资少，达到标准的要求。     

喷淋对大空间喷头上方羽流特性的影响

基于经典羽流模型,通过全尺寸试验测量大空间喷头上方羽流中心线不同高度处的温度和速度,分析羽流中心线温度和速度的变化规律,并与经典羽流模型做比较,得出喷淋对大空间喷头上方羽流特性的影响。结果表明:喷淋启动前,羽流温度和速度随高度增加的变化趋势与经典羽流模型基本一致;喷淋启动后,各高度处温度显著降低,速度显著减小,温度随时间的变化趋势与喷淋压力有关,且温度和速度随高度增加的变化趋势发生明显改变。     

核电厂大型自然通风冷却塔对气载流出物扩散的影响

为深入研究大型自然通风冷却塔及其湿热羽对内陆核电厂气载流出物扩散影响,应用计算流体力学软件STAR-CCM+提供的k-ε湍流模型模拟了单一冷却塔的运行和停机对不同位置、不同释放高度污染物扩散的影响,结果表明：当释放高度为10m,释放点位于停机冷却塔迎风侧时,释放点下风向的地面轴线弥散因子相比于没有冷却塔时普遍降低1/3~1/2.当释放高度为75m,冷却塔运行时,若释放点位于冷却塔迎风侧时,轴线弥散因子相比于没有冷却塔时普遍增大1~2倍;若释放点位于冷却塔背风侧,则相比于没有冷却塔时普遍降低约1/2.当冷却塔停机时,无论75m高度释放点位于迎风侧还是背风侧,其轴线弥散因子均高于没有冷却塔时.当迎风侧释放高度达到150m时,在释放点下风向约800m的范围内,冷却塔湿热羽使得轴线弥散因子显著增大,但到了800m范围以外,冷却塔湿热羽使得轴线弥散因子减小.     

大尺寸通风管网中障碍物对瓦斯爆炸冲击波传播特性影响的数值模拟

为了研究大尺寸通风管网中的瓦斯爆炸传播规律,采用数值模拟方法,针对具有不同障碍物数量的大尺寸通风管网模型,利用Fluent分析管网中各个监测点的超压变化曲线以及障碍物附近的速度矢量图,分析爆炸冲击波传播规律。研究结果表明:初期瓦斯爆炸后,障碍物的存在改变了通风管网内未燃瓦斯的积聚区域;高温和高压发生耦合作用,在氧气相对充足的进气管道中形成二次爆炸;障碍物与火焰波以及管网自身结构变化等多种因素形成复合作用,改变了通风管网内瓦斯爆炸冲击波的传播路径和叠加区域的位置;无障碍物时高压区域出现在进气管道中,有障碍物时高压区域出现在中部直管与斜管的交汇处附近,且数值相对较大。     

开封市公园地表灰尘PAHs污染与健康风险评价

应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定了开封市相国寺、铁塔公园、龙亭公园、清明上河园等4个公园的53个地表灰尘样品中的16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)含量,并分析了PAHs的来源、组成、污染水平和健康风险.结果表明:样品∑PAHs含量在332.20~7535.10μg·kg-1之间,平均值为1320.10μg·kg-1,其中,单体PAHs以菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并(a)蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽和苯并(a)芘等4~5环化合物含量较高;相国寺、铁塔公园、龙亭公园灰尘分别达到重度、中度、轻度PAHs污染,清明上河园未检测到PAHs污染.终生癌症风险增量模型(ILCRs)评价结果显示,儿童健康风险高于成人,皮肤接触灰尘PAHs是导致儿童和成人高风险的最主要暴露途径,其次是手口摄入途径.灰尘PAHs综合致癌风险(CR)的顺序为相国寺铁塔公园龙亭公园清明上河园,其中,相国寺的CR超过10-6,存在人体可耐受的致癌风险,其他公园不存在健康风险.影响公园灰尘PAHs含量、污染程度和健康风险的因素非常复杂,是建园时间、地理位置、公园性质、游客密度及周边环境状况等多种因素综合的结果.灰尘PAHs主要来源于石油、煤和生物质不完全燃烧,以及石油泄漏等.     

开封市公园灰尘重金属含量及潜在生态风险

采集河南省开封市区4个典型公园(清明上河园、龙亭公园、铁塔公园、相国寺)52个地表灰尘样品,采用原子荧光(AFS)法、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP)和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定灰尘重金属含量,并用调整后的Hkanson潜在生态危害分级标准对重金属潜在生态危害进行评价。结果表明:灰尘Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn、Cu富集显著。重金属单项生态风险指数(E)顺序为HgCdPbCuNiZnCoCrMnTi,除Hg和Cd出现强烈以上生态风险外,其他重金属风险轻微。所有公园灰尘重金属潜在生态总风险(RI)均在很强等级以上,其大小依次为RI相国寺RI龙亭公园RI铁塔公园RI清明上河园。灰尘Hg和Cd对RI的平均贡献率分别为45.28%和46.77%,是最主要的风险因子。     

Undercounting of large trucks in federal and state crash databases: Extent of problem and how to improve accuracy of truck classifications

Objective: Prior research suggested that single-unit trucks are undercounted when using vehicle body codes in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). This study explored the extent of the misclassification and undercounting problem for crashes in FARS and state crash databases.

Methods: Truck misclassifications for fatal crashes were explored by comparing the Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA) database with FARS. TIFA used vehicle identification numbers (VINs) and survey information to classify large trucks. This study used VINs to improve the accuracy of large truck classifications in state crash databases from 5 states (Delaware, Maryland, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Utah).

Results: The vehicle body type codes resulted in a 19% undercount of single-unit trucks in FARS and a 23% undercount of single-unit trucks in state databases. Tractor-trailers were misclassified less often. Misclassifications occurred most frequently among single-unit trucks in the weight classes of 10,001–14,000 pounds.

Conclusions: The amount of misclassification of large trucks is large enough to potentially affect federal and state decisions on traffic safety. Using information from VINs results in more complete and accurate counts of large trucks involved in crashes. The National Transportation Safety Board recommended actions to improve federal and state crash data.     

国营大中型企业财务安全预警与风险防范

国营大中型企业财务安全预警与风险防范过程中需要对企业的发展状况进行分析，企业资金运行状况会对企业资产状况产生影响，具体实施过程中需要建立财务危机识别系统，通过对企业运行中的财务安全影响因素进行综合分析，能够对定量指标和定性问题进行评判，最终发现影响企业风险的因素，对企业全面发展会产生积极的作用。建立完善的企业财务安全预警系统，提升企业的综合竞争力。     

Land Development in and around Protected Areas at the Wilderness Frontier

Protected areas’ chief conservation objectives are to include species within their boundaries and protect them from negative external pressures. Many protected areas are not achieving these goals, perhaps in part due to land development inside and outside protected areas. We conducted spatial analyses to evaluate the ability of Canadian protected areas to mitigate the effects of nearby land development. We investigated correlations of national patterns of land development in and around protected areas and then examined national patterns of roads, urban area, and croplands in protected areas. We calculated the amount of developed land in protected areas and within 25–100 km of protected‐area borders, the density of roads, and extent of urban and cropland area in protected areas. We constructed logistic‐regression models to test whether development in a protected area was associated with landscape and protected‐area characteristics. Land development was far less extensive inside than outside protected areas. However, several protected areas, particularly small southern areas near small urban centers had substantial development inside their boundaries, and nearly half of protected areas had roads. The cumulative extent of development within 50 km of protected areas was the best predictor of the probability of land development in protected areas. Canadian First Nations, industries, government, and nongovernmental organizations are currently planning an unprecedented number of new protected areas. Careful management of areas beyond protected‐area boundaries may prove critical to meeting their long‐term conservation objectives. Desarrollo de Tierras Dentro y Alrededor de Áreas Protegidas en la Frontera Silvestre