离子交换树脂及其在废水处理中的应用

介绍了离子交换树脂及其在多种废水处理中的应用研究。离子交换树脂法处理废水具有可深度净化、处理效率高和能实现多种金属综合回收的优点，在水处理领域必将得到更为深入的应用。     

Diffusion of tritiated water and Na through non-degraded hardened cement pastes

Diffusion experiments through hardened cement pastes (HCP) using tritiated water (HTO) and ²²Na⁺, considered to be conservative tracers, have been carried out in triplicates in a glove box under a controlled nitrogen atmosphere. Each experiment consisted of a through-diffusion test followed by an out-diffusion test.The experimental data were inversely modelled applying an automated Marquardt–Levenberg procedure. The analysis of the through-diffusion data allowed the extraction of values for the effective diffusion coefficients, D_e, and the rock capacity factor, α. Good agreement between measured and calculated tracer breakthrough curves was achieved using both a simple diffusion model without sorption and a diffusion/linear sorption model. The best-fit K_d-values were found to be consistent with R_d-values measured in previous batch-sorption experiments.The best-fit values from the through-diffusion tests were then used to predict the results of subsequent out-diffusion experiments. Good agreement between experimental data and predictions was achieved only for the case of linear sorption.Isotopic exchange can only partially account for both the amount of tracer taken up in the batch-sorption tests and the measured retardation in the diffusion experiments and, hence, additional mechanisms have to be invoked to explain the data.     

Perchlorate as an environmental contaminant

Perchlorate anion (ClO4-) has been found in drinking water supplies throughout the southwestern United States. It is primarily associated with releases of ammonium perchlorate by defense contractors, military operations, and aerospace programs. Ammonium perchlorate is used as a solid oxidant in missile and rocket propulsion systems. Traces of perchlorate are found in Chile saltpeter, but the use of such fertilizer has not been associated with large scale contamination. Although it is a strong oxidant, perchlorate anion is very persistent in the environment due to the high activation energy associated with its reduction. At high enough concentrations, perchlorate can affect thyroid gland functions, where it is mistakenly taken up in place of iodide. A safe daily exposure has not yet been set, but is expected to be released in 2002. Perchlorate is measured in environmental samples primarily by ion chromatography. It can be removed by anion exchange or membrane filtration. It is destroyed by some biological and chemical processes. The environmental occurrence, toxicity, analytical chemistry, and remediative approaches are discussed.     

离子交换纤维对重金属的吸附研究

采用自制强酸性阳离子交换纤维对镉、铅离子的吸附性能进行了初步研究。实验结果表明 ,强酸性阳离子交换纤维对镉、铅离子具有较好的吸附能力 ,其最大吸附容量分别为 2 0 6.6mg g和 10 5 .5mg g ;吸附速度快 ,2 0min即可达到平衡。用Langmuir方程对其吸附等温线进行回归 ,结果显示实测值与理论方程具有较好的一致性     

利用钙型斜发沸石处理氨氮废水

介绍了用钙型斜发沸石处理氨氮废水的方法，研究了钙型斜发沸石对氨氮废水的吸附性能、洗脱蒸氨曲线和斜发沸石在氢氧化钙溶液中的损失。实验结果表明：钙型斜发沸石对铵离子具有很高的选择性和离子交换能力。可长期在氢氧化钙溶液中使用。该方法具有投资低、高效、节能、操作稳定等特点。在处理废水的同时又可回收氨，可创造一定的经济效益。具有较好的应用价值。     

钙型斜发沸石铵离子交换平衡的研究

测定了在不同pH值下人工改型所得钙型斜发沸石对NH4^ 的全交换容量、对NH4^ 的等温交换平衡曲线，进一步研究了其部分热力学特性。结果表明，钙型斜发沸石对NH4^ 交换总量随pH值的升高而降低，在pH值为7时为79．321mmol／100g，该离子交换过程可自发进行，且其选择性随温度的升高而降低。研究成果可为沸石法处理含氨氮废水的进一步研究提供一定的理论依据。     

塔克拉玛干4种荒漠植物气体交换与环境因子的关系初探

研究了4种荒漠植物）胡杨，疏叶骆驼刺，头状沙拐枣，多枝柽柳）气体交换的季节变化及其与环境因子的关系。结果：（1）外界环境因子中，无论是对光合速率还是蒸腾速率，光照强度都是最重要的主导因子，其次是气温，大气湿度与植物的蒸腾速率成负相关，影响程度因不同植物及其环境因子的情况而有所不同。（2）在气温越高的地方，荒漠植物的温度生态位（包括最适温度和极限温度）也随之增高。（3）水分胁迫影响气温和叶温的差异，4种植物都能调整其叶温，使之低于沙漠地区的极度高温。     

天然沸石对溶液中氨氮吸附特性的研究

为了探讨天然沸石对NH4 的吸附规律,以浙江缙云出产的粒径为2~3.2mm的天然斜发沸石为实验材料,进行吸附等温线实验和吸附动力学实验。结果表明,实验沸石对NH4 的吸附等温线符合Langmuir公式,且对氨氮吸附量的极限值为1.624mol·kg-1;实验沸石对NH4 的吸附反应符合一级动力学方程,反应速率常数为0.1882h-1。通过监测溶液中各阳离子浓度的变化,可确定沸石晶体内与NH4 进行交换的主要离子为Ca2 和Na ,二者占交换总量的96%以上;在交换反应初期,出现了由于沸石晶体中的离子在固液两相中的再分配所造成的离子交换的不等量现象。     

铵离子交换工艺处理炼油废水中的氨氮

对于低浓度含氨氮废水，铵离子交换工艺具有高效、低耗的优点。在实验室利用固定床离子交换装置处理氨氮废水，在20L／h条件下，铵交换量达到最大，为6．1mg/g。分别选用氢氧化钠和氯化钠的混合液以及碳酸钠溶液作为再生液，连续处理石化含氨废水。在进水氨氮浓度小于50mg/L条件下，出水氨氮小于1mg/L；在进水氨氮浓度60－80mg/L条件下，出水氨氮小于2mg/L。再生液用量约为床层体积的4倍。     

The curve of ion exchange ratio(%)-pH of the interaction between suspended particles with Cd(II) in the Yellow River

The curve of ion exchange ratio(%)-pH of the interactionbetween suspended particles with Cd(II) in the Yellow River wasstudied. The effects of lysine on this curve have been alsoinvestigated. The results showed that (1) Cadmium in Cd(OH)+ formin the suspended particles exchanges with the cations.The exchangeratio of Cd2+ is nearly at its greatest value in the range of pH(8.0-8.5) in natural aquatic system; (2) Ion exchange ratiodecreases as the concentration of Cd2+ raises from 8.9×10-6 mol/L to 2x8.9 x 10-6mol/L; (3) At the lysine concentration of 6.8x10-6 mol/L, it can promote the ion exchange ratio; (4) Adsorption of thesuspended particles to cadmium is weaker in seawater and Jin ShaRiver than in the Yellow River.