A multilevel study of group‐focused and individual‐focused transformational leadership,social exchange relationships,and performance in teams

Using matched reports from 73 team leaders and 359 of their members across 23 companies in Korea, we examined a multilevel model where group‐ and individual‐focused transformational leadership and their influence processes operate at the team and dyadic levels independently and interactively to be associated with team and member performance. Results indicated that group‐focused transformational leadership was positively associated with team performance through team member exchange (TMX), whereas individual‐focused transformational leadership positively related to team members' in‐role and extra‐role performance through leader–member exchange (LMX). TMX not only positively mediated the relationships between group‐focused transformational leadership and member performance after controlling for LMX but also positively moderated LMX–performance relationships. Moreover, the indirect effect of individual‐focused transformational leadership through LMX on member performance was contingent upon the level of TMX. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The use of ionic liquids based on choline chloride for metal deposition: A green alternative?

Ionic liquids are studied intensively for different applications. They tend to be denoted as “green solvents”, largely because of their low vapour pressure. In recent years toxicity and biotoxicity of ionic liquids have also been investigated, which proved that not all of these are “green”. In this paper the use of ionic liquids based on choline chloride and ethylene glycol in electrochemistry is discussed in the context of their use as green solvents. Due to their low toxicity and ready biodegradability, these deep eutectic solvents are promising for the electrodeposition of metals. The influence of the use of these liquids as metal deposition baths on the waste water is investigated. Drag-out was found to be the most influencing parameter on the environmental impact of the process, as it is three times higher compared to classical solutions due to the higher viscosity of the ionic liquid. There are no major changes needed in the rinsing configuration of classic electroplating plants, and ion exchange to remove the metal out of the waste water was not hindered by the presence of the ionic liquid. The formation of by-products during the deposition of metals has to be further investigated and evaluated in consideration of the environmental impact.     

离子交换树脂对高浓度氨氮废水的吸附研究

采用D707、D708两种不同类型的离子交换树脂对高浓度氨氮废水进行吸附处理研究,分析了不同的吸附条件及等温吸附模型对吸附效果的影响.静态吸附实验表明:NH+4的吸附率随树脂投加量的增大而增加,在非碱性条件下树脂对NH+4的吸附率随p H的升高而增加;恒速振荡时间达到90 min以上时两种树脂可吸附平衡,当p H为7时,D707、D708树脂对NH+4的吸附容量分别达到196.1、217.4 mg·g-1;D707、D708树脂对NH+4的吸附属吸热过程,随温度的升高树脂对NH+4的吸附率逐渐增大,在298 K温度下D707、D708树脂吸附NH+4的表观吸附活化能Ea分别为54.67和34.46 k J·mol-1,吸附过程为液膜扩散主控制;树脂对NH+4吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式;使用2 mol·L-1H2SO4对树脂进行解吸,脱附率达到98%以上,重复实验3次吸附率基本不变.     

Interactive response of photosynthetic characteristics in Haloxylon ammodendron and Hedysarum scoparium exposed to soil water and air vapor pressure deficits

C₄ plants possess better drought tolerance than C₃ plants. However, Hedysarum scoparium, a C₃ species, is dominant and widely distributed in the desert areas of northwestern China due to its strong drought tolerance. This study compared it with Haloxylon ammodendron, a C₄ species, regarding the interactive effects of drought stress and different leaf–air vapor pressure deficits. Variables of interest included gas exchange, the activity levels of key C₄ photosynthetic enzymes, and cellular anatomy. In both species, gas exchange parameters were more sensitive to high vapor pressure deficit than to strong water stress, and the net CO₂ assimilation rate (A_n) was enhanced as vapor pressure deficits increased. A close relationship between A_n and stomatal conductance (g_s) suggested that the species shared a similar response mechanism. In H. ammodendron, the activity levels of key C₄ enzymes were higher, including those of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-malate enzyme (NADP-ME), whereas in H. scoparium, the activity level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-malate enzyme (NAD-ME) was higher. Meanwhile, H. scoparium utilized adaptive structural features, including a larger relative vessel area and a shorter distance from vein to stomata, which facilitated the movement of water. These findings implied that some C₄ biochemical pathways were present in H. scoparium to respond to environmental challenges.     

鄱阳湖阻隔湖泊浮游植物群落结构演化特征：以军山湖为例

人类改造自然的行为——建闸筑堤对湖泊生态系统有着重要影响,由于缺乏生态监测对比数据,对阻隔湖泊的浮游植物群落结构变化及其响应特征缺乏足够认识.为探明阻隔湖泊浮游植物群落结构演变趋势,选取了鄱阳湖典型阻隔湖泊——军山湖,于2007~2008年和2012~2013年对其浮游植物进行丰枯水期调查,重点分析群落结构特征.结果表明,2012~2013年共检出浮游植物6门53属,主要由绿藻(种属数占47.2%)、硅藻(22.2%)、蓝藻(14.8%)、裸藻(9.3%)等组成.丰水期优势种属为飞燕角甲藻(Ceratium hirundinella)(生物量百分比20.5%)、鱼腥藻(Anabeana spp.)(18.5%)和微囊藻(Microcystis spp.)(12.9%);枯水期优势种属为卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas ovata)(生物量百分比38.4%)、颗粒直链硅藻(Aulacoseira granulata)(15.2%)和微囊藻(10.5%).浮游植物细胞数量主要由蓝藻(85.4%~87.0%)构成;丰水期生物量主要由蓝藻(45.0%)、甲藻(21.1%)、硅藻(15.6%)和绿藻(11.5%)组成;枯水期生物量则由隐藻(38.2%)、硅藻(31.3%)和蓝藻(21.1%)组成.与2007~2008年军山湖浮游植物群落结构相比,主要变化趋势有:①丰水期,浮游植物优势种从2007~2008年的甲藻-硅藻,甲藻绝对优势型转变为2012~2013年的蓝藻-甲藻,蓝藻绝对优势型;枯水期,从2007~2008年的甲藻-硅藻,甲藻绝对优势型转变为2012~2013年的隐藻-硅藻-蓝藻,隐藻绝对优势型.②浮游植物细胞数量由2007~2008年的2.66×106cell·L-1上升至2012~2013年的6.77×107cell·L-1,生物量由2007~2008年的0.72 mg·L-1增加至2012~2013年的12.30 mg·L-1.总之,军山湖浮游植物群落结构中贫营养型的甲藻比例减少,金藻消失,富营养型的蓝藻和隐藻增加.因此,通过建闸筑堤对湖泊进行人为阻隔后,湖区水体交换时间的延长,水流流速的变缓等水文条件的改变均促进了浮游植物富营养指示种在军山湖湖区内的生长聚集.     

Simultaneous removal of dissolved organic matter and bromide from drinking water source by anion exchange resins for controlling disinfection by-products

Anion exchange resins （AERs） with different properties were evaluated for their ability to remove dissolved organic matter （DOM） and bromide, and to reduce disinfection by-product （DBP） formation potentials of water collected from a eutrophic surface water source in Japan. DOM and bromide were simultaneously removed by all selected AERs in batch adsorption experiments. A polyacrylic magnetic ion exchange resin （MIEX） showed faster dissolved organic carbon （DOC） removal than other AERs because it had the smallest resin bead size. Aromatic DOM fractions with molecular weight larger than 1600 Da and fluorescent organic fractions of fulvic acid- and humic acid-like compounds were efficiently removed by all AERs. Polystyrene AERs were more effective in bromide removal than polyacrylic AERs. This result implied that the properties of AERs, i.e. material and resin size, influenced not only DOM removal but also bromide removal efficiency, MIEX showed significant chlorinated DBP removal because it had the highest DOC removal within 30 rain, whereas polystyrene AERs efficiently removed brominated DBPs, especially brominated trihalomethane species. The results suggested that, depending on source water DOM and bromide concentration, selecting a suitable AER is a key factor in effective control of chlorinated and brominated DBPs in drinking water.     

Dissolved organic matter removal using magnetic anion exchange resin treatment on biological effluent of textile dyeing wastewater

This study investigated the removal of dissolved organic matter（DOM） from real dyeing bio-treatment effluents（DBEs） with the use of a novel magnetic anion exchange resin（NDMP）.DOMs in two typical DBEs were fractionized using DAX-8/XAD-4 resin and ultrafiltration membranes. The hydrophilic fractions and the low molecular weight（MW）（〈3 kDa） DOM fractions constituted a major portion（〉50%） of DOMs for the two effluents. The hydrophilic and low MW fractions of both effluents were the greatest contributors of specific UV254absorbance（SUVA254）,and the SUVA254 of DOM fractions decreased with hydrophobicity and MW. Two DBEs exhibited acute and chronic biotoxicities. Both acute and chronic toxicities of DOM fractions increased linearly with the increase of SUVA254 value. Kinetics of dissolved organic carbon（DOC） removal via NDMP treatment was performed by comparing it with that of particle active carbon（PAC）. Results indicated that the removal of DOC from DBEs via NDMP was 60%,whereas DOC removals by PAC were lower than 15%. Acidic organics could be significantly removed with the use of NDMP. DOM with large MW in DBE could be removed significantly by using the same means. Removal efficiency of NDMP for DOM decreased with the decrease of MW. Compared with PAC,NDMP could significantly reduce the acute and chronic bio-toxicities of DBEs. NaCl/NaOH mixture regenerants,with selected concentrations of 10% NaCl（m/m）/1%NaOH（m/m）,could improve desorption efficiency.     

三峡库区典型干-支流相互作用过程中的营养盐交换:以梅溪河为例

三峡水库建成以后,梅溪河库湾多次发生水华现象,为研究干流水体倒灌对库湾营养盐的影响,于2012年8月至2013年7月对受干流回水影响的梅溪河进行了详细的现场监测.结果表明,三峡水库在不同的水位调度时期,梅溪河库湾水体均表现为分层异向流动;受长江干流倒灌影响,梅溪河库湾营养盐分布季节变化显著,DIN的年倒灌净通量约为5 478.02 t,DIP的年倒灌净通量约为234.04 t,DSi的年倒灌净通量约为5 935.22 t,长江干流每年对梅溪河DIN、DIP、DSi的补给量分别约为源头输入量的2.37倍、4.32倍和1.33倍;干流倒灌对库湾营养盐分布的影响不仅局限在河口区域,对梅溪河中上游的营养盐分布也将造成影响,干流倒灌对库湾P的补给将对库湾P限制起到缓解作用,为藻类的暴发提供必要条件.     

骆马湖泥-水界面磷铁硫原位同步变化特征

利用薄膜梯度扩散（DGT）原位采样装置获取了骆马湖全湖8个典型湖区泥-水界面（SWI）活性磷（P）、铁（Fe）、硫（S）垂向分布信息，据此定量估算三者交换通量.结果表明，骆马湖沉积物剖面P、Fe、S浓度范围分别为0~2.05，0~11.10和0.01~0.63mg/L，并在微小尺度呈高度空间异质性.在水平方向上活性P、Fe主要表现为西北湖区高于东南湖区，而活性S则未表现出明显的分布规律；就垂直剖面而言，活性P、Fe、S自界面向下呈升高趋势，并在60mm深度内出现峰值，且活性P和Fe剖面呈明显的同步变化特征；活性P、Fe在多数点位具有显著的正相关性（r>0.65，P<0.01），且各采样点沉积物中的总铁与总磷比值[w（∑Fe）/w（∑P）]均高于15，这表明Fe的地球化学循环过程对于骆马湖内源磷释放起重要控制作用；8个采样点样品中活性P、Fe、S交换通量分别为0.066~0.698，1.671~5.592和0.007~0.071mg/（m²·d），表明P、Fe、S由沉积物向水体释放.西北湖区表现出较高的P通量和活性P浓度，这可能会增加南水北调过程中水质污染的风险，应予以重视.以上结果支持了P、Fe耦合释放机制，明确了骆马湖SWI的活性P、Fe、S迁移特征.     

碱性树脂吸附碳酸氢盐水溶液中甲酸的研究

采用静态法测定了5种树脂对碳酸氢钾溶液中甲酸的交换吸附量，其中，D293强碱性阴离子交换树脂具有最高的交换吸附量，考察了温度对D293树脂交换吸附量的影响。在30℃条件下，利用静态法测定了甲酸在D293树脂上的吸附等温线，在低的甲酸浓度范围内，Langmuir方程比Freundlich方程能更好地描述树脂对甲酸的吸附；同时，测定了甲酸在D293树脂上的穿透曲线。