事故状态下储油库水体污染的预防与控制

文章结合实例分析了储油库在事故状态下次生水体污染事件的风险,通过典型事故案例剖析了储油库水污染预防与控制管理的关键环节,指出国内相关标准在储油库水污染预防与控制措施要求方面存在的不足,提出储油库水污染防控体系建设的构架以及管理措施建议。     

LNG accident dynamic simulation: Application for hazardous consequence reduction

The evaluation of exclusion (hazard) zones around the LNG stations is essential for risk assessment in LNG industry. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations have been conducted for the two potential hazards, LNG flammable vapor dispersion and LNG pool fire radiation, respectively, to evaluate the exclusion zones. The spatial and temporal distribution of hazard in complex spill scenario has been taken into account in the CFD model. Experimental data from Falcon and Montoir field tests have been used to validate the simulation results. With the valid CFD model, the mitigation of the vapor dispersion with spray water curtains and the pool fire with high expansion foam were investigated. The spray water curtains were studied as a shield to prevent LNG vapor dispersing, and two types of water spray curtain, flat and cone, were analyzed to show their performance for reduction and minimization of the hazard influencing distance and area. The high expansion foam firefighting process was studied with dynamic simulation of the foam action, and the characteristics of the foam action on the reduction of LNG vaporization rate, vapor cloud and flame size as well as the thermal radiation hazard were analyzed and discussed.     

“3·29”液氯泄漏事故的疏散通知过程调查研究

为了提高毒气泄漏事故的疏散通知效率,研究疏散通知传播的基本过程及影响因素。以"3.29"液氯泄漏事故为典型案例,采用调查问卷和访谈相结合的方式对参与疏散的人员展开疏散通知情况调查,并利用SPSS软件进行影响因素的相关性验证。结果表明:在疏散通知过程中多种通知方式同时使用,村委会干部、民警和消防队员的通知更能促使公众选择疏散行动;人员接到通知后并不是立即采取疏散行动,通常会基于他人的行动和环境的变化来决定自己的行为;可以忽略性别、年龄、教育程度3因素的影响,而环境和视觉因素以及疏散通知的内容对于疏散准备时间有显著影响。合理选用疏散通知方式、提高通知内容的质量有助于疏散通知的传播。     

Workers’ Perceptions of Workplace Safety and Job Satisfaction

A lot of attention has beenfocused on workers ‘ perceptions of workplace safety but relatively little or no research has been done on the impact of job satisfaction on safety climate. This study investigated this relationship. It also examined the relationships between job satisfaction and workers’ compliance with safety management policies and accident frequency. A positive association was found between job satisfaction and safety climate. Workers who expressed more satisfaction at their posts had positive perceptions of safety climate. Correspondingly, they were more committed to safety management policies and consequently registered a lower rate of accident involvement. The results were thus consistent with the notion that workers ‘ positive perceptions of organisational climate influence their perceptions of safety at the workplace. The findings, which have implications in the work environment, are discussed.     

An Analysis of Accidents Caused by Improper Functioning of Machine Control Systems

The scope of this study covers events resulting from improper functioning of machine control systems. An accident model providing a basis for formulating a checklist for accident analysis has been developed. Data about 700 accidents were collected. An analysis has proved that in the group of accidents caused by improper functioning of machine control systems, serious accidents happened much more frequently as compared to the group of accidents with no relation to the control system. The reasons for the majority of incidents caused by improper performance of safety functions consist in the errors made by designers. In view of that, incorrect behaviour of a worker should be treated as a normal event instead of a deviation causing an accident.     

环己烷泄漏事故模拟与风险控制措施研究

环己烷具有闪点低、爆炸极限宽等特点,一旦发生泄漏,着火爆炸的危险性随时存在。利用计算流体动力学模拟的方法对工程项目中环己烷的泄漏事故进行模拟及风险分析,建立环己酮生产装置的全尺寸三维模型并进行仿真计算,模拟了不同泄漏场景所形成的环己烷可燃气体云团瞬态发展过程及影响范围,并对建构筑物的布局对可燃气体云团的扩散行为的影响进行研究。研究结果表明,通过优化建构筑物布局,可有效降低该装置环己烷的燃爆风险,为企业相关装置的总图布置及环己烷泄漏的安全监控和应急响应提供有价值的参考数据。     

2012年国内外石油化工行业事故统计分析

按照事故级别、所属板块、事故类型、事故时间、涉及的化学品、发生国家,对2011年和2012年国内外石油化工行业发生的死亡1人以上的事故进行了统计分析,研究了事故动态和趋势.结果表明:重特大事故呈上升态势,具有“小概率、大后果”的特点;事故涉及的化学品种类很集中;我国伤亡事故金字塔呈现出“底部小、形状陡”的特点;死亡人数/起数比值与经济发展水平有关;爆炸事故的起数和死亡人数最高,事故起数增幅较大,火灾事故起数增幅不大,但死亡人数有大幅度增加,泄漏事故和其他事故的起数、死亡人数均有所降低.根据统计分析的结果,从加强未遂事件管理、引进OSHA绩效考核机制、加强危险品运输和化工企业安全监管、加大安全投入和提升安全技术装备水平等方面提出了建议措施.对研究国内外石化行业的事故动向,从整体上防范事故发生,具有重要的指导意义.     

LNG燃料动力船三维建模及爆炸事故模拟

为了进一步推广液化天然气（LNG）燃料动力船舶的应用,利用计算流体动力学（CFD）软件FLACS进行LNG燃料动力船进行三维建模,综合考虑环境方面的因素,对LNG的泄漏扩散进行模拟,在此基础上进行爆炸事故后果模拟。对爆炸事故进行分析,得到特定事故情景下的LNG扩散半径、燃烧区域半径、爆炸对人以及建筑物的危害半径,模拟结果对船舶上的管线以及消防设施的布局有一定的指导作用,并且为进一步研究LNG燃料动力船舶的安全性提供了基础数据。     

石化行业阀门内漏的声发射检测

阐述了阀门内漏声发射检测的原理、检测方法及检测应用情况,分析了阀门内漏声发射检测的优缺点。     

工业事故演变混沌特性研究

混沌与随机是本质上不同的两种特性.区分产生工业事故演变系统的混沌性和随机性是进行工业事故模拟和预测的基础.本文通过对工业事故演变特性进行分析,初步结果表明,工业事故演变具有混沌动力系统的一些特征,提出通过相空间重构及Lyapunov指数来判定工业事故演变的混沌特性.